The seasonal mean of a climate variable is affected by processes with timescales from less than seasonal to interannual or longer. In this paper, the seasonal mean is conceptualised as consisting of intraseasonal and slowly varying (longer than a season) components. The slow component of the seasonal mean is related to slowly varying internal and external processes which are potentially predict...

this experiment was conducted for estimating the effect of row spacing and plant density on soil moisture change, wheat yield and water use efficiency in rainfed condition, using a three replicated randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement at gorgan university of agricultural sciences and natural resources farm in anbare-ololum region in 2008-2009. the treatments that used wer...

The seasonal cycle of mid to high latitude surface air temperature is prime example of a climate response to external forcing. Here we examine what controls the amplitude and phase of this cycle. By comparing the seasonal cycle in an numerical model of the atmosphere and ocean mixed layer where the large seasonal variation in humidity is allowed to affect longwave radiation to one where it is n...

Reduced surface–deep ocean exchange and enhanced nutrient consumption by phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean have been linked to lower glacial atmospheric CO2. However, identification of the biological and physical conditions involved and the related processes remains incomplete. Here we specify Southern Ocean surface–subsurface contrasts using a new tool, the combined oxygen and silicon isotop...

Reduced surface-deep ocean exchange and enhanced nutrient consumption by phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean have been linked to lower glacial atmospheric CO2. However, identification of the biological and physical conditions involved and the related processes remains incomplete. Here we specify Southern Ocean surface-subsurface contrasts using a new tool, the combined oxygen and silicon isotop...

Surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) variations in Drake Passage are examined using decade-long underway shipboardmeasurements. North of the Polar Front (PF), the observed pCO2 shows a seasonal cycle that peaks annually in August and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)–forced variations are significant. Just south of the PF, pCO2 shows a small seasonal cycle that peaks annually in February...

The relative bio-optical variability within Lake Victoria was analyzed through the spatio-temporal decomposition of a 1997-2004 dataset of remotely-sensed reflectance ratios in the visible spectral range. Results show a regular seasonal pattern with a phase shift (around 2 months) between the south and north parts of the lake. Interannual trends suggested a teleconnection between the lake dynam...