OBJECTIVE To investigate factors associated with a woman's willingness to pay (WTP) for injectable contraceptives in Tigray, Ethiopia. METHODS We used a multistage random sampling design to generate a representative sample of reproductive age women from the Central Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia to participate in a survey (N = 1490). Respondents who had ever used injectable contraceptives or who we...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether community-based health workers in a rural region of Ethiopia can provide injectable contraceptives to women with similar levels of safety, effectiveness and acceptability as health extension workers (HEWs). METHODS This was a prospective non-randomized community intervention trial designed to test the provision of injectable contraceptives by community-based rep...

Although the use of injectable anesthesia prior to subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) reduces pain, many patients report fear and prolonged numbness of adjacent tissues. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a eutectic mixture containing 25 mg/g of lidocaine and 25 mg/g of prilocaine, injectable 2% lidocaine, topical 2% benzocaine and a placebo substance on reducing...

background: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cellscan transdifferentiate into cardiomyocyte cells and improveheart function after transplantation. since biomaterials canimprove the cell retention in the site, cell survival and differentiation,heart tissue engineering is now being explored as anapplied solution to support cell-based therapies and increasetheir efficacy for myocardial diseases. ch...

Strategies for spinal cord injury repair are limited, in part, by poor drug delivery techniques. A novel drug delivery system (DDS) is being developed in our laboratory that can provide localized release of growth factors from an injectable gel. The gel must be fast-gelling, non-cell adhesive, degradable, and biocompatible as an injectable intrathecal DDS. A gel that meets these design criteria...

background: injection of local anesthesia is one of the most important reasons for development of avoidance behavior in children. efforts have been performed to decrease pain perception of injection. the present research evaluated the effect of cooling the injection site on pain perception before infiltration of local anesthetics. materials and methods: a prospective single-blind crossover clin...

BACKGROUND Volatile anesthetics induce pharmacological preconditioning in cardiac tissue. The purpose of this study was to test whether volatile anesthetics mediate this effect by activation of the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) or sarcolemmal K(ATP) (sarcK(ATP)) channel in rat ventricular myocytes and to evaluate the signaling pathways involved. METHODS...