Early in the 18 century, variolation (referred to then as ‘inoculation’) was introduced to Britain and New England to protect people likely to be at risk of infection with smallpox. This triggered a number of important developments. Among them were early examples of what we refer to today as ‘evidence-based medicine’ – immunization, and quantitative measures of disease severity. Establishing th...

ABSTRACT Although the isolated effects of cyanobacteria Anabaena cylindrica and bacteria Azospirillum brasilense are well-known, co-inoculation both can promote other benefits to corn plants’ biological nitrogen fixation growth. The aim was evaluate initial growth chloroplast pigment levels hybrids co-inoculated with A. cylindrica. experiment conducted in greenhouse conditions using completely ...

The antifungal action of different concentrations of white-colored mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) against Candida albicans was assessed in vitro. Fresh mix of MTA was prepared at concentrations varying from 0.78 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml by dilution with 10 ml molten agar at 45 degrees C. The MTA-agar compound was thoroughly mixed and the uniform mix was then poured into sterile Petri dishes and allo...

Rectal/vaginal specimens (n = 97) were collected in parallel using ESwab and Liquid Stuart (LS) rayon fiber wrapped swab collection devices. Each collection device was used to directly inoculate culture medium and LIM broth. Medium inoculation by ESwab was conducted using the Walk-Away specimen processor (WASP). Medium inoculation by the LS device was conducted manually. The sensitivities of ES...

The symbiotic characteristics of Rhizobium trifolii strains 1-01 and 2-01 were evaluated both individually and in various combinations on two cultivars (Mt. Barker and Woogenellup) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Nodules were observed on day 8 independent of cultivar or strain. Cultivar differences were measured in nodulating efficiency by 1-01 since 54% of the primary nodul...

Early life stimulation is known to produce long-lasting changes in the brain and behavior. One such early stimulation method is the neonatal novelty exposure procedure which allows the isolation of the novelty effect from several prominent confounding factors inherent to the neonatal handling procedure. In two previous studies, we found long-lasting novelty effects on different sets of function...

Four commercial kits, Oxi/Ferm (OF), API 20E (AP), Minitek (MT; BBL Microbiology Systems), and Flow N/F (NF), were evaluated, without additional tests, for identification of 258 gram-negative nonfermentative rods. OF and MT were read after 48 h of incubation, and AP and NF were read after both 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively. Overall, OF correctly identified 51% of strains, with 46% as ...

We present a method for selecting entire microbial ecosystems for bioremediation and other practical purposes. A population of ecosystems is established in the laboratory, each ecosystem is measured for a desired property (in our case, degradation of the environmental pollutant 3-chloroaniline), and the best ecosystems are used as 'parents' to inoculate a new generation of 'offspring' ecosystem...

abstractbackground and objectives: the cultivated tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) is a tropical and annual plant, consisting of a number of species or hybrids belonging to the solanaceae family. bio-chemical reaction to viral infection is different for various plants .one of the most important defensive mechanisms of the host plant against pathogen agents, is biochemical defense and their related c...

oilseed rape is economically affected by stem rot caused by sclerotinia sclerotiorum worldwide. glucosinolates arethe specific secondary metabolites of brassica plants that appear in different profiles of each species. their hydrolysisproducts have biocidal activity and may play a role in resistance against plant pathogenic fungi. the resistance ofoilseed rape (brassica napus) cultivars and two...