A total of 164,103 dengue cases were recorded in 2021, compared to 205,243 2019. Since 2008, the case fatality rate has been fewer than 1%. The administration had reviewed country’s worrisome condition. Dengue have all surged dramatically around world. One among best way avoid bite mosquito is use repellents. previous papers primarily relied on herbal repellents or synthetic, formulation method...

Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), are involved in the transmission of various pathogens that cause important diseases of livestock worldwide. The use of insect repellents to reduce the attack rate of these insects on livestock could play an important role as part of an integrated control programme against diseases transmitted by these midges. The objective of this study was to d...

Maize is one the most important staple foods in the world. However, numerous pests, such as fungal pathogens, e.g., Fusarium verticillioides, and insects, such as Sitophlilus zeamais, attack maize grains during storage. Many F. verticillioides strains produce fumonisins, one of the most important mycotoxin that causes toxic effects on human and animal health. This situation is aggravated by the...

Studies by prior workers have shown that insect repellents can act as attractants when present as low concentrations, deposits or residues. In the present study deet and ethyl hexanediol were tested in 2-fold serial doses from 1.9 X 10(-9) to 1.6 X 10(-2) mg/cm2 on the forearms of volunteers against colonized Anopheles albimanus, Aedes aegypti and Ae. taeniorhynchus. Both compounds were signifi...

BACKGROUND Chemicals are used on bed nets in order to prevent infected bites and to kill aggressive malaria vectors. Because pyrethroid resistance has become widespread in the main malaria vectors, research for alternative active ingredients becomes urgent. Mixing a repellent and a non-pyrethroid insecticide seemed to be a promising tool as mixtures in the laboratory showed the same features as...

The development of a novel repellent plays an important role in the integrated control of Blattella germanica. A series of novel hydronopylformamides derivatives were synthesized from a naturally occurring compound (-)-β-pinene. The structures of these hydronopylformamides derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (...

The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, has one of the most acute and eclectic olfactory systems of all mosquito species hitherto studied. Here, we used Illumina sequencing to identify olfactory genes expressed predominantly in antenna, mosquito's main olfactory organ. Less than 50% of the trimmed reads generated by high-quality libraries aligned to a transcript, but approximately ...

D EET ([N-N]-diethyl-mtoluamide) is widely used around the world as a repellent for mosquitoes and other biting insects. It was originally identified by a structure–activity study using synthetic compounds (1). Recently, a number of new compounds with similar activity [e.g., picaridine (2)] have been identified, but DEET remains the gold standard. Despite a tremendous number of studies (3), how...

The use of insect repellent has increased during recent years to prevent insect stings and its feared consequences of virus and parasitic diseases transmitted by infected mosquitoes and tick bites. DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-toluamide) is the most effective and most widely-used insect repellent and it is used by approximately 30% of the population. The DEET Registry is a post-marketing surveillance s...