ôbjective: âpproximately 66-80%of graduate students experience statistics anxiety and some researchers propose that many students identify statistics courses as the most anxiety-inducing courses in their academic curriculums. âs such, it is likely that statistics anxiety is, in part, responsible for many students delaying enrollment in these courses for as long as possible. this paper proposes ...

the purpose of this study was to examine cook’s (2003) ‘multiple competence’ by investigating backward pragmatic transfer (from l2 [english] to l1 [persian]) in refusals to invitations. it explored participants’ frequency and content of refusal strategies in l1 regarding the status (i.e., power and distance) of interlocutors and the proficiency level of efl learners. the participants were persi...

Differential Evolution (DE) is one of the most powerful optimizers in the evolutionary algorithm (EA) family. In recent years, many DE variants have been proposed to enhance performance. However, when compared with each other, significant differences in performances are seldomly observed. To meet this challenge of a more significant improvement, this paper proposes a multi-layer competitive-coo...

Error Analysis is one of the major topics in the field of second language acquisition research. Errors are an integral part of language learning. The learner of English as a second language is unaware of the existence of the particular system or rule in English language. The learner’s errors have long been interested for second and foreign language researchers. The basic task of error analysis ...

Selection of in vitro models that accurately characterize metabolite systemic and hepatobiliary exposure remains a challenge in drug development. In the present study, mechanisms underlying differences in systemic exposure of two active metabolites, furamidine and 2,5-bis (5-amidino)-2-pyridyl furan (CPD-0801), were examined using two hepatic models from rats: isolated perfused livers (IPLs) an...

investigating transfer of one’s pragmatic knowledge of first language to his second or foreign language has been one of the areas of interest for researchers. however, there are contradictory results even within the scarce studies which have addressed transferability. this study was an attempt to investigate perceived pragmatic transferability of l1 refusal strategies by persian efl learners. s...

The potential of web-based 2.0 technology for teaching and assessing intercultural pragmatics has become an area of focus for language educators (Cohen, 2008; Belz, 2005, 2006). Research has highlighted that second and foreign language learners show significant differences from native speakers in language use, in particular, with the execution and comprehension of certain speech acts (Bardovi-H...

Evidence occupies a paramount position in any logical endeavor and research article is consensually considered a predominant site of such an endeavor. One interesting area of rhetoric which addresses the source and reliability of evidence is quality metadiscourse. In this qualitative study, quality metadiscourse strategies (i.e., evidentials, hedges, boosters and disclaimers) are examined to in...

introduction: one of the most important problems in student's education is academic failure. identifying factors that affecting academic achievement and pay attention to these factors is a stride toward success. students' academic achievement and related factors have priority in education research. this study aimed to determine the relationship between learning study strategies and ac...