prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (pin) is considered a precursor of invasive carcinoma, characterized by proliferation and anaplasia of cells lining prostatic ducts and acini. in this study, we applied the pin grading system on one-hundred cases of prostatic carcinoma and one-hundred cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, then compared the results. 74% of prostatic carcinoma and 51 % of pro...

to achieve sustainable urban development and values from social justice; it is essential that all citizens enjoy resources, facilities and life opportunities equally. due to lack of a stable or systematic approach of measuring urban problems, disparity in environmental conditions or access to social and physical infrastructures is more obvious, especially in the cities of developing countries. ...

background: los angeles classification is widely adopted as a means of unifying endoscopic observation for gerd. we assessed the inter- and intra-observer variability of la classification. materials and methods: two-hundred fifty-four still images of the lower esophagus taken by an expert endoscopist (rm) were randomly selected and presented to 9 gastroenterologists (2 females, 6 experts, 3 tra...

since co2 pneumoperitoneum is the dominant method of laparoscopic exposure due to facility and good view, its physiologic effects are most relevant to the surgeons. co2 pneumoperitoneum may affects hemodynamics by increased intra-abdominal pressure (iap) and the physiologic effects of absorbed co2. the adverse effects of both mechanisms relate directly to the duration of the pneumoperitoneum an...

providing suitable analgesia following diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopic surgeries, that areconsidered to cause some degree of postoperative pain, is a necessity in equine practice. the aim of thepresent study was to evaluate the equine synovial fluid biochemical and cytological changes as well asclinical assessments of the joint following intra-articular administration of ketamine. six a...

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The maintenance of brain extracellular glutamate (Glu) at levels below its excitotoxic threshold is performed by Glu transporters present on glia and neurons as well as on brain capillary endothelial cells which remove brain Glu into blood. The feasibility of accelerating the naturally occurring brain-to-blood Glu efflux was studied using paradigms based on the fate of Glu present in the cerebr...

Hypoxia significantly reduced cholinergic theta activity in rat CA1 field and intracellular theta in the CA1 pyramidal cells, recorded in hippocampal slices. The hypoxic responses of the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to a brief hypoxia consisted of a short period of "synaptic arrest", observed as an elimination of excitatory postsynaptic current under voltage clamp and recovered immediately a...

Although intravenous cyclosporine A (CsA) previously has been shown to cause a robust sympathetically mediated increase in blood pressure in the rat, the underlying mechanism by which CsA increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is unknown. To determine the relative contributions of central neural versus peripheral reflex mechanisms in causing this sympathetic activation, we rec...