The authors examined the influence of talking and the social context of talking on cognitive-emotional processes of adjustment to stressors. Two hundred fifty-six undergraduates viewed a stressful stimulus and were then assigned to a no-talk control condition or 1 of 3 talk conditions: talk alone, talk to a validating confederate, or talk to an invalidating confederate. Two days later, they wer...

Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis frequently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content. Both memory and im...

dolat abadi’s kalidar had been narrated from the intrusive third person point of view. in this way of narration, although the narrator has not physical presence but revealshls his feeling every where in the text. some of critics, like hooshang golshiri, believe that this kind of narration and story telling come from far pasts. the fact is that, the narrator intrusions in kalidar’s stories has m...