The results of rotationally resolved resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization photoelectron spectroscopy and zero kinetic energy-pulsed field ionization studies on HBr via various rotational levels of the F D2 and f D2 Rydberg states are reported. These studies lead to an accurate determination of the lowest ionization threshold as 94 098.961 cm. Observed rotational and spin–orbit branching ra...

Ionization dynamics of resonantly excited helium nanodroplets have been studied by intense XUV light. By doping the nanodroplets with atoms that either attach to the surface or submerge into the center of the droplet, one can study the dynamics of excitation and ionization through the droplet. When resonantly exciting the droplet, we observe a strong ionization enhancement for atoms attached to...

For interacting many-body systems the two most natural energy scales are the average energy per particle and the average nearest-neighbor potential energy. When the ratio of the nearest-neighbor potential energy to the kinetic energy is greater than 1, we say that the system is “strongly coupled,” where strong coupling is characterized by the parameter Γ. This dimensionless parameter describes ...

Double ionization of diatomic molecules by short linearly polarized laser pulses is analyzed. We consider the final stage of the ionization process, that is the decay of a highly excited two electron molecule, which is formed after rescattering. The saddles of the effective adiabatic potential energy close to which simultaneous escape of electrons takes place are identified. Numerical simulatio...

Proteomic analysis offers great diagnostic relevance, because unlike DNA, different cells in an organism express different proteins. In fact, the cellular proteome can vary as a function of time or in response to stimuli. Beyond amino acid sequence, protein function depends on chemical modifications known as posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that serve as “switches” and “signals” that acti...

Ionization-induced injection mechanism was introduced in 2010 to reduce the laser intensity threshold for controllable electron trapping in laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA). However, usually it generates electron beams with continuous energy spectra. Subsequently, a dual-stage target separating the injection and acceleration processes was regarded as essential to achieve narrow energy-spread...

The outcome of neutral and photoionized N~CH3!2 primary products of trimethylamine photodissociation at 193 nm is determined by combining photoionization detection with supporting G3 theoretical calculations. N~CH3!2 primary products with very little internal energy show an experimentally observed ionization onset of 9.160.2 eV, but do not appear at the parent ion (m/e544). Instead, the parent ...

Energy levels, with designations and uncertainties, have been compiled for the spectra of barium Z=56 ions from doubly ionized to hydrogenlike. Wavelengths with classifications, intensities, and transition probabilities are also tabulated. In addition, ground states and ionization energies are listed. For many ionization stages experimental data are available; however, for those for which only ...

background: the effectiveness and safety of brachytherapy treatment is mainly concerned with the calibration of sources and their traceability to internationally accepted standards. secondary standard dosimetry laboratory (ssdl) does not offer calibration of ionization chambers with gamma-ray spectrum of high dose rate source 192ir . this work has been carried out to calibrate the high dose rat...

Recently an increasing interest in the investigation of relativistic ionization phenomena has been observed [1–10]. Relativistic effects will appear if the electron velocity in the initial bound state or in the final state is comparable with the speed of light. The initial state should be considered relativistic in the case of inner shells of heavy atoms [3,4]. In a recent paper [10] the photoi...