Fullerene (C(60)), the third carbon allotrope, is a classical engineered material with the potential application in biomedicine. However, extremely high hydrophobicity of fullerene hampers its direct biomedical evaluation and application. In this work, we investigated the solubilization of fullerene using 9 different solubility enhancers: Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, Triton X-100, PVP, polyoxy...

Endohedral actinide fullerenes are rare and a little is known about their molecular properties. Here we characterize the U2@C80 system, which was recently detected experimentally by means of mass spectrometry (Akiyama et al., JACS, 2001, 123, 181). Theoretical calculations predict a stable endohedral system, (7)U2@C80, derived from the C80:7 IPR fullerene cage, with six unpaired electrons. Bond...

Fungicide-resistant Alternaria alternata impede the practical control of the Alternaria diseases in crop fields. This study aimed to investigate cytological fungicide resistance mechanisms of A. alternata against dicarboximide fungicide iprodione. A. alternata isolated from cactus brown spot was cultured on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) with or without iprodione, and the fungal cultures with diffe...

The N-heterocyclic olefin, IPr=CH(2) (IPr = [(HCNDipp)(2)C], Dipp = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3)) has been demonstrated to be of sufficient Lewis basicity to stabilize main group hydrides in unusually low oxidation states.

A fullerene graph F is a cubic 3-connected plane graph with exact 12 pentagons and other hexagons. Let M be a perfect matching of F . A cycle C of F is M -alternating if and only if the edges of C appear alternately in and off M . A set H of disjoint hexagons of F is called a resonant pattern if F has a perfect matching M such that all hexagons in H are M -alternating. A fullerene graph F is k-...

Nanotechnology offers many societal benefits and this have prompted the rapid growth of engineered nanomaterials. Fullerene (C60) due to its unique properties has become an important nanomaterial in biomedical and biotechnological applications. Once in water, Fullerene forms stable suspended aggregates and thus become bioavalable to aquatic biota. The fate and transport of fullerene in the aqua...

We develop a model to analyze one mechanism under which stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) protection may improve the ability of firms in developing countries to break into export markets. A Northern firm with a superior process technology chooses either exports or technology transfer through licensing as its mode of supplying the Southern market, based on local IPR policy. Given this ...

The value of intellectual proprietary rights (IPRs) for technology standardization in emerging information and communications technologies has increased. The inherently closed nature of IPR seems to be in direct conflict with the openness necessary to spread a technology, but organizations are creating strategies to maneuver aspects of IPR so that they can create standards as well as protect th...