Begonia is the world’s fastest-growing genus and a focus of intense taxonomic research. To support this, stable useful sectional classification needed. This paper reviews feasibility challenges creating an infrageneric for based on phylogenetic data, how to overcome conflict. In particular, it (i) tests genus-wide patterns incongruence between phylogenies nuclear, chloroplast mitochondrial geno...

Background: An effective communication strategy for reducing conflicts in South Korea has been designed through the analysis of public perception and variables on nuclear power under conditions rapidly changing policies.Materials Methods: This study conducted both qualitative research group discussions based social psychology quantitative surveys.Results Discussion: Nuclear plant (NPP) area res...

following our previous presentation of a new three-fold symmetry for derivation of the magic numbers of nuclei based upon a quark state model of nuclei, here the nuclear binding energy is obtained from such new perspective. from this point of view, since each nucleon is made of three quarks, the binding energy of nuclei contains a volume term proportional to 3a (a is mass number). by considerin...

Turtles are currently the most endangered major clade of vertebrates on earth, and Asian box turtles (Cuora) are in catastrophic decline. Effective management of this diverse turtle clade has been hampered by human-mediated, and perhaps natural hybridization, resulting in discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear markers and confusion regarding species boundaries and phylogenetic relationsh...

B chromosomes are dispensable elements that do not recombine with the A chromosomes of the regular complement and that follow their own evolutionary track. In some cases, they are known to be nuclear parasites with autonomous modes of inheritance, exploiting "drive" to ensure their survival in populations. Their "selfishness" brings them into conflict with their host nuclear genome and generate...

Potential events of allopolyploidy may be indicated by incongruences between separate phylogenies based on plastid and nuclear gene sequences. We sequenced two plastid regions and two nuclear ribosomal regions for 34 ingroup taxa in Fragariinae (Rosaceae), and six outgroup taxa. We found five well supported incongruences that might indicate allopolyploidy events. The incongruences involved Apha...

In species differentiation, characters may not diverge synchronously, and there are also processes that shuffle character states in lineages descendant from a common ancestor. Species are thus expected to show some degree of incongruence among characters; therefore, taxonomic delimitation can benefit from integrative approaches and objective strategies that account for character conflict. We il...

Most species of insect, and many other plants and animals, carry maternally heritable microorganisms-viruses, bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, and fungi that pass from a female host to her progeny. Maternal inheritance establishes a correlation between the fitness of symbiont and host female, which can select for the symbiont to contribute to host fitness. Nevertheless, its lack of transmissio...