This paper presents preliminary results of a study to evaluate the effects of Wisconsin's percentage-of-gross-income-child support standard and income withholding on the employment behavior of noncustodial parents. Data from court records and a telephone survey that was carried out after a demonstration of a child support assurance system was implemented in Wisconsin indicate that withholding m...

This paper reviews changes in the federal government's approach to antipoverty policy, analyzes the trend in child poverty and the antipoverty impacts of current income maintenance programs, and proposes some additional antipoverty policies. No single program or policy can meet the needs of the diverse poverty population. There is now greater variation in economic status among children and amon...

Some scholars claim that the type of problems with which private welfare agencies deal varies with agency auspices--whether administrative control is national or local, religious or secular. However, there are few empirical discussions of the issue. This paper thus develops and tests hypotheses concerning how auspices relate to the social problems that agencies cover. Results support a series o...

The oldest-old (people aged 80 or older) constituted 5 % of the population in Sweden in 2000, an increase from 1.5 % fifty years earlier. The immune system undergoes dramatic changes at high age, sometimes referred to as “immunosenescence”. However, the natures of these changes, and in particular, their clinical consequences are incompletely understood. In a previous longitudinal study, a set o...

The capacity of readily exchanging electrons makes iron not only essential for fundamental cell functions, but also a potential catalyst for chemical reactions involving free-radical formation and subsequent oxidative stress and cell damage. Cellular iron levels are therefore carefully regulated in order to maintain an adequate substrate while also minimizing the pool of potentially toxic 'free...

the nitrite ® nitro isomerization in nitritopentaamine cobalt (iii) halides has been known. in this paper, the effect of the size of the counter ions (noncoordinated groups) on the rate of isomerization in nitritopentaamine cobalt (iii) halides, is reported. the rate of isomerization is decreased by increasing the size of the counter ions. this decrease is explained on the basis of steric inter...

In terms of density functional theory combined with statistic mechanics computations, we investigated a dimetallic sulfide endohedral fullerene Sc2S@C76 which has been synthesized without any characterization in experiments. Our theoretical study reveals that Sc2S@Td(19151)-C76 which satisfies the isolated-pentagon rule (IPR) possesses the lowest energy, followed by three non-IPR structures (Sc...

The stabilization of fullerene-like boron (B) cages in the free-standing form has been long sought after and a challenging problem. Studies that have been carried out for more than a decade have confirmed that the planar or quasi-planar polymorphs are energetically favored ground states over a wide range of small and medium-sized B clusters. Recently, the breakthroughs represented by Nat. Chem....

The high interstellar abundances of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their size distribution are the result complex chemical processes implying dust, UV radiation, main gaseous components (H, C + , O). These must explain abundance relatively small PAHs in diffuse medium (ISM) imply continuous formation some that enough (number carbon atoms N < ~35–50) to be completely dehydrogenat...