Cognitive models focus on information and the computational manipulation of information. Rational models optimize the function that relates the input of a process to the output. In contrast, efficient algorithms minimize the computational cost of processing in terms of time. Minimizing time is a better criterion for normative models, because it reflects the energy costs of a physical system. Tw...

A large literature contends that legal systems that adapt efficiently to meet the contracting needs of the economy foster financial sector development. The paper discusses the adaptability features of Islamic law related to commercial transactions (Islamic commercial law) in light of contemporary financial system. After discussing the nature and way the common and civil law traditions can evolv...

The Emergence of `Islamic Education Movement` is a response to the `secularization of education` faced by the ummah (muslim people) all over the world; in the sense that the `traditional Islamic Sciences` which are rooted in Islamic sources i.e. al-Qur’an (the Holy Book) and as-Sunnah (Tradition of the prophet) have been marginalized. Subsequently, Muslim scholars have made serious endeavors to...

Fundamentalism, in the dictionary Theories and Schools Philosophy Theology is a view that emerged 1909 used generally to designate particular style of conservative Protestantism. Fundamentalism's aim preserve foundations faith combat attempts reinterpret Bible theology light modern knowledge. There are two approaches understanding symptoms fundamentalism, namely objectivism subjectivism. From a...

Abstract In contemporary metaphysics, the doctrine that fundamental facts are those which wholly ungrounded is received view or something near enough. Against this radical brutalism , several metaphysicians argued in favour of existence moderately brute merely partially grounded. However, arguments for rely on controversial metaphysical scenarios. This paper aims to counteract tendency scientif...

In this work we discuss the path from initial stage of mathematical awareness to understanding and critique one’s standing beliefs as new stages conceptual realization occur. Initial interpretation discourse at beginning education passes through several naive reflexive critical. We arrive concept “initiation” into intersubjective system root mathematics necessity faith in its agreements buildin...

Islamic finance has gripped the world with a strong fervor and passion. Interest in this discipline has proliferated to almost 60 countries, going beyond the Islamic world to the leading global financial centers. For quite sometime, United Kingdom has adopted an open door policy and provided a level playing field to Islamic finance and now Singapore is following its lead. Every day, Islamic fin...