In this study techniques for laboratory identification of dermatophyte fungi through protoplast hybridization were established. Firstly, auxotrophic mutants of different species of microsporum and trichophyton were induced and identified. Secondly, protoplasts from these mutants were isolated by digestion of their mycelium with Novozyme 234 using CaCI, (O.4M) as an osmotic stabilizer and g...

objective: global surveillance has shown that drug resistant (dr) tuberculosis (tb) is widespread. prompt detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance is essential for effective control of tb. the most frequent mutations associated with isoniazid (inh) resistance in mycobacterium are substitutions at codons 315 in the katg gene and the maba-inha promoter region (−15). this survey eva...

An oligonucleotide chip (Combichip Mycobacteria chip) detecting specific mutations in the rpoB, katG, and inhA genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was compared with conventional antimicrobial susceptibility results. The probes detecting drug resistance were as follows: 7 wild-type and 13 mutant probes for rifampin and 2 wild-type and 3 mutant probes for isoniazid. Target DNA of M. tuberculosis ...

hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a crucial public health problem with approximately 350 million affected people and a death rate of 0.5 to 1.2 million per year worldwide. it proceeds to end-stage liver diseases including cirrhosis with hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). pakistan lies in the endemic region with 3% hbv carrier rate in the country. the differences in disease outc...

background: tuberculosis is one of the infectious diseases worldwide that has resurgence by the aids epidemic and led to the rise of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. thus, it seems essential to monitor the drug susceptibility in tuberculosis patients. the new high resolution melting (hrm) method is simple, rapid and inexpensive for detection of the mutations responsible for drug resistance...

The WAM traditionally optimizes for lists in two ways: by a list-specialized instruction set (LSIS) and by a list-specialized data representation (LSDR). These are partly orthogonal and their relative merit is unknown. In this paper, we perform an experiment within hProlog, which compares the schemas (LSIS+LSDR), (LSIS) and (). If no LSDR is used, it means that lists are treated as the syntacti...

  Photoproteins are excellent reporter systems because they don’t have virtually background signal. Aequorin is the most well-known photoprotein. Three improved engineered photoproteins photina, i-photina and c-photina, were also recently developed and optimized for generation of Ca2+ mobilization assays precisely. The total light emission is greater than aequorin and their reacti...