This paper aims at investigating the problem of Load Frequency Control (LFC) in interconnected power systems in order to obtain robustness against uncertainties. A design method for a robust controller, based on Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT), has been presented in this paper. For a two-area power system, the simulation results show that the system response with the proposed QFT controller ...

The reliability of a power system depends on its ability to handle fluctuations and varying load demands, as uncontrolled frequency deviations can lead load-shedding blackouts. Optimally tuned controllers are essential for Load Frequency Control (LFC) applications efficiently stabilize the by minimizing undershoots, overshoots, settling time. This paper proposed application novel Golden Eagle O...

Cyber attacks bring key challenges to the system reliability of load frequency control (LFC) systems. Attackers can compromise measured data critical variables LFC system, making received by defender unreliable and resulting in fluctuation or even collapse. In this paper, detect potential on data, we propose a novel attack detection scheme using dual-source (DSD) compromised variables. First, s...

This paper presents an online two-stage Q-learning based multi-agent (MA) controller for load frequency control (LFC) in an interconnected multi-area multi-source power system integrated with distributed energy resources (DERs). The proposed control strategy consists of two stages. The first stage is employed a PID controller which its parameters are designed using sine cosine optimization (SCO...

In recent decades the power system has become a complex network, to design load frequency control (LFC) requires solving equation. Optimisation techniques are essentially required optimise parameters of different controllers used for LFC issues in system. unified system, is examined from all angles using optimisation strategies conventional PI, PID, cascaded, and fuzzy as well recently designed...

when a distribution network consisting of distributed generations (dgs) is disconnected from upstream network, the system may be exposed to severe power imbalance. in order to prevent the damage of power plants, frequency relays operate and remove dgs from the network. in contrast to traditional methods, the main objective in new methods is to keep dg units in service in the islanded distributi...

In recent years, wind power systems have been used extensively, which not only improve the efficiency of current conventional generation systems, but also can save traditional fossil fuel resources. However, considering instability power, after being grid connected, it easily cause an impact on stability operation. Considering above problems, this paper considers to make full use energy storage...

In this paper, parameters of PID controller and bias coefficient for Load Frequency Control (LFC) are designed using a new approach. In the proposed method, the power system uncertainties and nonlinear limitations of governors and turbines ,i.e. Valve Speed Limit (VSL)and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), are taken into account in designing. Variations of uncertain parameters are considered bet...

Having continuous decrease in inertia and being sensitive to load/generation variation are considered crucial challenging problems for modern power grids. The main cause of these is the increased penetration capacities renewables. An unbalanced load with generation largely affects grids’ frequency voltage profiles. Load control (LFC) mechanisms extensively presented solve problems. In literatur...

This article examines the mechanisms for cross-border interchange of regulating reserves (RRs), i.e., imbalance-netting process (INP) and activation RRs (CBRR). Both are an additional service frequency restoration in power system connect different control areas (CAs) via virtual tie-lines to release reduce balancing energy. The primary objective INP is net demand between cooperating CAs with si...