In wireless mobile networks, particularly in PCS networks, new calls to a portable may be lost due to the incorrect location information in the mobility database, which leads to an database failure. Such database failure can be recovered either through the portable’s registration initiation, the deregistration when it crosses the location area boundary or the active location update. In this pap...

Many ad hoc network protocols and applications assume the knowledge of geographic location of nodes. The absolute location of each networked node is an assumed fact by most sensor networks which can then present the sensed information on a geographical map. Finding location without the aid of GPS in each node of an ad hoc network is important in cases where GPS is either not accessible, or not ...