introductiontoday, one of the most prominent health and environmental problems of cities is ascending trend of solidwastes. this must be managed and the institutionalization of phenomena such as recycling, composting, and soon from municipal solid waste must be taken into consideration. in iran, there is no essential management incollection, disposal and recycling of over 40 thousand tons of th...

Organic nutrients have proven to contribute significantly to nutrient cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. Still, little is known about their relevance in the tropics. In the present study, organic C, N, S and P were analysed in rainfall, throughfall, litter percolate and soil solution of a montane rainforest at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. The aim was to determine the amounts of organic nutri...

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that knowledge of contraceptives, especially among the youth in universities, remains limited, and the rate of premarital sexual activity, unwanted pregnancies, and illegal abortions remains higher among university students. This study aimed to assess contraceptive knowledge, sexual behavior, and factors associated with contraceptive use among female under...

INTRODUCTION In sub-Saharan Africa where HIV/AIDS epidemic is predominantly generalized, majority of HIV infections occur among heterosexual couples. The majority of people do not know their sero-status. Thus, utilisation of Couples' HIV Counselling and Testing (CHCT) services remain to be critical in preventing new infections. The objective was to establish prevalence and predictors of HIV ser...

BACKGROUND Childhood rubella infection is a mild, self-limiting illness. Rubella infection among pregnant women however, is a major public health concern. Depending on gestation age, it may result in fetal death, stillbirth or a new-born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Maternal antibodies protect young infants from rubella infection and lifelong immunity is acquired by vaccination or po...

INTRODUCTION Alcohol use is a global public health problem, including as a risk factor for HIV infection, but few data are available on the epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUD) among young people in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 4 groups of young people aged 15-24 years old (secondary school students, college/university students...

INTRODUCTION A dried blood spot (DBS) on filter paper has been used for different tests globally and has gained popularities in resource limited settings especially during HIV/AIDS epidemic. We assessed the efficiency of molecular characterization of HIV-1 subtypes using DBS collected under field conditions in northern Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2011 and 2012, 60 DBS samples were coll...

OBJECTIVE To determine cervical cancer screening coverage and the knowledge, attitudes and barriers toward screening tests among women in rural and urban areas of Tanzania, as well as explore how they view the acceptability of the HPV vaccine and potential barriers to vaccination. SETTING A cross-sectional study using interview-administered questionnaires was conducted using multistage random...

BACKGROUND There is a higher neonatal mortality rate while the adherence to the existing guidelines is rarely studied in Tanzania. AIM The aim of this study is to assess the performance of health workers for neonatal health-care. MATERIALS AND METHODS Settings - Peripheral health facilities (regional referral, district hospitals and health centers) and a tertiary referral hospital of Kilima...

Land-use change is the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss in the tropics. Biodiversity models can be useful tools to inform policymakers and conservationists of the likely response of species to anthropogenic pressures, including land-use change. However, such models generalize biodiversity responses across wide areas and many taxa, potentially missing important characteristics of parti...