Photonic neural networks (PNNs) are promising to replace conventional deep learning hardware due their potentially higher energy efficiency and computational speed. Other than the fast progress on optical linear transformer, nonlinear activators much less mature. Usually, employ mapping from input amplitude output amplitude, which is limited by high threshold loss, or rely additional bias volta...

We formulate analytically the reflection of a one dimensional, expanding free wave-packet (wp) from an infinite barrier. Three types of wp's are considered, representing an electron, a molecule and a classical object. We derive a threshold criterion for the values of the dynamic parameters so that reciprocal (Kramers-Kronig) relations hold in the time domain between the log-modulus of the wp an...

The concept of alliance or preferably ‘alignment’, as I shall explain below – is central to the conduct of international politics, and thus the discipline of International Relations (IR). Duffield et al. (2008: 291) identify that ‘Alliances are one of the most significant phenomena in security studies and world politics more generally’, while Modelski (1963: 773) considers them ‘one of a dozen ...

In this article I locate some of the fundamental problems of self-determination within the context of an evolving international society. First, I argue that one particular manifestation of self-determination, that of national self-determination, is both a solution to the enduring problem of territorial legitimation in international relations as well as the source of subsequent challenges to ter...

A modiication of the Kronig{Penney model consisting of equidistantly spaced 0 {interactions is considered. We prove that absolutely continuous spectrum of such a system disappears under innuence of an external electric eld. The result extends to periodic lattices of non{identical 0 interactions and potentials whose behavior, up to a bounded term, is powerlike with a power 1 on the decreasing side.