Lactating mice display fierce aggression towards novel, male mice. This study compares neuronal activity in the brains of aggression-tested (T) and -untested (U) mice using early growth response factor 1 (Egr-1; also known as Krox 24, NGFI-A, Zif268, Tis8, and ZENK) as a measure of neuronal activity. Animals were sampled 90 min after either a sham or real 7-min test with a male intruder, after ...

Since the.discovery of Anand and Brobeck (1951), the hypothalamus is considered a s the main "food center". From this time many authors (Miller 1957, Wyrwicka 1957, Morgane 1961, Teitelbaum and Epstein 1962, Balinska 1963, and others) studied different aspects of the effects of hypothalamic lesions and hypothalamic stimulation on food intake mechanisms and conditioned reflexes in cats, rats, ra...

Hypocretins/orexins are primary excitatory neuropeptides located exclusively in neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area, which send projections to most monoaminergic nuclei. It has been reported that i.c.v. injection of hypocretin 1 (orexin A) enhances wakefulness in rats and mice. The present work was carried out to examine the roles of hypocretins in nociception in mice. The presence of robu...

The vomeronasal system (VNS) is an accessory olfactory system that in tetrapod vertebrates is composed of specific receptor neurons in the nasal organ and a set of centers in the forebrain that receive and relay the information consecutively towards the hypothalamus. Thus, only in tetrapods the VNS comprises a discrete vomeronasal (Jacobson's) organ, which contains receptor cells that are morph...

The collagen 2.3 and 3.6 promoters have been used to drive Cre expression for generation of conditional transgenic mutant mice. Within the bone, Col3.6 is expressed by mesenchymal precursor cells and their downstream progeny, while Col2.3 is more osteoblast specific. Our generation of transgenic mice with Col2.3-Cre- and Col3.6-Cre-driven deletion of the long-form leptin receptor (ObRb) necessi...

During the last decade, optogenetic-based circuit mapping has become one of most common approaches to systems neuroscience, and amassing studies have expanded our understanding brain structures causally involved in regulation sleep-wake cycles. Recent imaging technologies enable functional cellular activity, from population down single-cell resolution, across a broad repertoire behaviors physio...