<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In this work, we will introduce a general framework to derive the thermodynamics of fluid mechanical system, which guarantees consistence between energetic variational approaches with laws thermodynamics. In particular, focus on coupling thermal and forces. We follow for classical gas ideal equilibrium present existences weak solutions thermodynamic system cou...

The branch of physics called thermodynamics deals with the laws governing the behavior of physical systems at finite temperature. These laws are phenomenological, in the sense that they represent empirical relations between various observed quantities. These quantities include pressure, temperature, density and other measurable parameters that define the state of a given system. Thus, in discus...

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Ludwig Boltzmann explained how irreversible macroscopic laws, in particular the second law of thermodynamics, originate in the time-reversible laws of microscopic physics. Boltzmann’s analysis, the essence of which I shall review here, is basically correct. The most famous criticisms of Boltzmann’s later work on the subject have little merit. Most ...

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Ludwig Boltzmann explained how irreversible macroscopic laws, in particular the second law of thermodynamics, originate in the time-reversible laws of microscopic physics. Boltzmann’s analysis, the essence of which I shall review here, is basically correct. The most famous criticisms of Boltzmann’s later work on the subject have little merit. Most ...

The recent experimental realization of exotic matter states in isolated quantum systems and the ensuing controversy about the existence of negative absolute temperatures demand a careful analysis of the conceptual foundations underlying microcanonical thermostatistics. Here we provide a detailed comparison of the most commonly considered microcanonical entropy definitions, focusing specifically...

Reactions within the cell should satisfy the law of mass conservation and the second law of thermodynamics. Networks of reactions violating any of these laws are unphysical and cannot occur in nature. In this paper we describe a technique that perturbs an unfeasible network to produce a metabolic network that satisfies the two fundamental laws. This algorithm has been applied to study the metab...

constraints: time evolution of the adiabatic piston Christian Gruber Institut de physique th eorique Ecole Polytechnique F ed erale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland June 22, 1998 Abstract The equations for the time evolution of the controversial adiabatic piston problem are obtained using a very primitive model of the uids. It thus shows that the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics lead...

We discuss Boltzmann’s probabilistic explanation of the second law of thermodynamics, providing a comprehensive presentation of what is called today the typicality account. Countering its misconception as an alternative explanation, we examine the relation between Boltzmann’s H-theorem and the general typicality argument, demonstrating the conceptual continuity between the two. We then discuss ...

In the early 1970s it is was realized that there is a striking formal analogy between the Laws of black-hole mechanics and the Laws of classical thermodynamics. Before the discovery of Hawking radiation, however, it was generally thought that the analogy was only formal, and did not reflect a deep connection between gravitational and thermodynamical phenomena. It is still commonly held that the...