The nature and spatial distribution of leaf area, especially leaf size, density and orientation, strongly regulates light harvesting as well as the exchange of carbon and water between plants and atmosphere (Pearcy and Yang 1996). The occupation of three-dimensional space and the characteristics of branches on which leaves are arranged, combine to generate wide variations in shoot, branch and t...

Leaf shape, including leaf size, leaf dissection index (LDI), and venation distribution, strongly impacts leaf physiology and the forces of momentum exerted on leaves or the canopy under windy conditions. Yet, little has been known about how leaf shape affects the morphological response of trees to wind load. We studied eight Quercus species, with different leaf shapes, to determine the morphol...

in order to investigate the weed diversity and modeling light interception in sole and intercropping millet and bean an experiment was conducted as complete randomized block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications at the agricultural research station, ferdowsi university of mashhad, iran, during 2008. treatments included monocultures, intercropping of millet and bean and a control treatment...

The incidence and geographic distribution of leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dowson) in the Moreton district between 1951 and 1975 is described. Most of the infection has been in 471. Increase in incidence of the disease appears to be favoured by periods of high rainfall followed by dry weather. A survey was made, at monthly intervals from January to June 1975, to try to determine l...

1. The distribution, abundance and population dynamics of herbivorous insects may be affected by trophic interactions, by abiotic influences, or by intraspecific processes. Relatively little is known about how trophic influences vary across space. Here, we investigate spatial variation in mortality in the oak-feeding leaf miner Tischeria ekebladella as attributable to individual causal agents. ...

(Leaf damage in a mangrove swamp at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Leaf damage to Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia schaueriana Stapf. & Leechman, and Laguncularia racemosa L. was studied in a two hectare mangrove swamp site in Sepetiba Bay. Seventeen arthropod morphospecies were identifi ed as being responsible for the damage, and their species diversity was highest on A. schaueriana, fo...

a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (rcbd) with three replications was conducted in 2012,treatments were included the time of foliar application with 3 levels (tillering stage, heading stage and no spray (control)) as main factor and cultivars in 4 levels (sardari, rijav, biseton and rashid) as the second factor. plant characteristics such as plant height, length o...

• Five viticultural parameters have been proposed in the literature as particularly important for defining a balanced vine able to produce high quality grapes: 1) total leaf area/yield, 2) yield/pruning weight, 3) pruning weight/linear meter of canopy length, 4) total leaf area/linear meter of canopy length, and 5) leaf density (leaf layer number). For very high-quality production, 2 more varia...