Background. The 7(th) Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development is helping the European Union to prepare for an integrative system for intelligent management of biodiversity knowledge. The infrastructure that is envisaged and that will be further developed within the Programme "Horizon 2020" aims to provide open and free access to taxonomic information to anyone with a requ...

Background A need for a governance of genomics in healthcare among European Union (EU) countries arose during an international meeting of experts on public health genomics (PHG). We have conducted a survey on existing national genomic policies in healthcare among Chief Medical Officers (CMOs) of the 28 EU member states, plus Norway. Methods A questionnaire was sent to CMOs after a meeting on ...

The European Union (EU) refers to health as a human right in many internal and external communications, policies and agreements, defending its universality. In parallel, specific health needs of migrants originating from outside the EU have been acknowledged. Yet, their right to health and in particular sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is currently not ensured throughout the EU. This paper ...

nowadays in commercial contracts, parties communicate with together using standard forms. both the party's standards forms usually contain a description of the subject-matter, the price, the quantity and the delivery terms. such a situation is called the battle of forms. in such a case some questions are raised. does the exchange of the conflicting forms create a contract? if so, what are ...

Pay-TV piracy in Europe is affecting the legal providers of Pay-TV services. This paper describes the main players in the European Pay-TV market, the Conditional Access Systems (CAS) used in the European Union (EU 15), the European PayTV piracy market, and the most important technologies used. The paper then discusses the effects of Pay-TV piracy on the CAS providers and Pay-TV service provider...

The deployment of biometric systems could have serious life long implications for the privacy and data protection rights of individuals. The use of appropriate biometric technologies permitting the creation of multiple trusted revocable protected biometric identities may present a response to this challenge. The paper presents a review from a legal perspective of these privacy enhancing technol...

sale is the alienation of goods with all presumptive, objective and, legal rights related to them in a way that a buyer can have the goods in absolute legal possession. any defects in seller’s ownership, such as the right of easement, usufruct or lien belong to the third party interferes with the absolute ownership of the buyer and his rights. a kind of these rights recognized and protected by ...

in case a legal system is faced with a question which has contacts with other legal systems and it’s conflict of law rules determine a foreign law as applicable law, application of this foreign law may be confronted with several problems such as impossibility to prove foreign law, inexistence of process or authority determined by foreign law and un-reasonability of the application of foreign la...