purpose – the aim of this study is to examine relation between employees’ participation in the organizations decisions making and their psychological empowerment in iran telecommunication company subsidiary of mazanderan province. design / methodology /approach- 250 employees from the iran telecommunication company subsidiary of mazanderan province participated in this study. a spearman's cor...

THEORY regarding patterns of deA X D P R A C T I C E cision-making in libraries have been relatively neglected aspects of library administration. Yet the decisions by which a library attempts to control its operations are of major importance to its welfare and effectiveness. Recent theories in management and social psychology have addressed themselves to the implications of participative manage...

one of main goals of urban officials is encouraging and promoting social participation among citizens. this is so, because both reduce costs and can be a base for self-fulfillment and empowerment among citizens. but, like other actions, measuring participative actions has some difficulties. the main difficulty is about measuring that part of social action which occurs in actor’s mind. this part...

Doing research on future and emerging technologies raises a number of significant ontological and epistemological challenges. The fundamental uncertainty of the future, combined with problems of appropriate descriptions of technology in general, render it difficult to come to an appropriate account of the likely shape and use of future technologies. This paper discusses several streams of resea...

The Participative Budget consists of a process in which citizens can directly participate in decision-making and regulation of public budget spending. The experience of the City of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) with the Participative Budget is a consolidated e-democratic process in the government and, most importantly, for the population. By exploring techniques provided by Information and Communicat...

The present review article makes an attempt to comprehensively review various aspects of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions globally. Nevertheless, some residues have negative effects...

Unsolicited commercial communications now represent more than fifty per cent of the e-mail traffic in the European Union and around the world. This paper is about the legal EU approach to such an issue. Through the analysis of the evolution of the legislative framework, it aims to define, under a legal perspective, what spam is, to explain why the opt-in choice has been adopted by the EU, and t...