Writers have a limited number of cognitive resources to allocate to the task. Consequently, searching for keyboard letters restricts them from fully engaging in the writing process. High expectations for writing across all levels of education suggest the need for touch typing skills. This mixed methods study examined the beliefs and practices of elementary teachers related to teaching students ...

OBJECTIVES We assessed associations between child stunting, recovery, and faltering with schooling and human capital skills in a native Amazonian society of horticulturalists-foragers (Tsimane'). METHODS We used cross-sectional data (2008) from 1262 children aged 6 to 16 years in 53 villages to assess contemporaneous associations between three height categories: stunted (height-for-age Z scor...

the present study attempted to introduce shared reading as one of the most effective techniques in cultivating the learners’ reading and writing abilities. to this end, 50 homogenous students were assigned to the control and experimental groups following the administration of a standardized english proficiency test. thenceforth, based on writing and reading pretest scores of the learners on a g...

We explore aspects of essay writing requiring high-level organizational capacity and executive function. The literature supports the approach that specific and focused writing-skill mastery leads to reduced anxiety and increased self-efficacy which correlates with improved writing skills. Although essay writing is a complex multi-dimensional task, two particular strategies, tree-diagram and ref...

Although expectations for graduate students’ writing abilities are high, their actual writing skills are often subpar (Cuthbert & Spark, 2008; Singleton-Jackson, Lumsden, & Newson, 2009), even though academic writing is considered integral to graduate education and necessary for career preparedness (e.g., Mullen, 2006; Stevens, 2005). Today’s scholars in any field must be prepared to communicat...

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of AI software which is Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) in detecting grammatical errors improving writing skills among Malaysian public university students and examine their perceptions skills. The findings this show positive towards implementation AWE. provided implications for effective use ESL classrooms. Finally, future researchers are exp...

Functional specialization in the brain is considered a hallmark of efficient processing. It is therefore not surprising that there are brain areas specialized for processing letters. To better understand the causes of functional specialization for letters, we explore the emergence of this pattern of response in the ventral processing stream through a training paradigm. Previously, we hypothesiz...

BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between cognitive impairment and the performance of handwritten scripts presented as "letter-writing" to a close relative by patients with dementia Lewy bodies (DLB), as fluctuations of the symptoms phase, and in a matched group of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The degree of writing disability and personal, sp...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of initial first and second language proficiencies as well as the language of instruction that a student receives on the relationship between native language ability of students who are English language learners (ELLs) and their development of early literacy skills and the second language. METHOD This study investigated the developm...

Air-writing refers to writing of linguistic characters or words in a free space by hand or finger movements. Airwriting differs from conventional handwriting; the latter contains the pen-up-pen-down motion, while the former lacks such a delimited sequence of writing events. We address air-writing recognition problems in a pair of companion papers. In Part 1, recognition of characters or words i...