We previously observed that dopamine D2-like receptor blockade in rats licking for sucrose produced a within-session decrement of the emission of licking bursts similar to the effect of either reward devaluation, or neuroleptics, on operant responding for different rewards, which, accordingly, we interpreted as an extinction-like effect. This implies that exposing animals to reward devaluation ...

Widely used, the formalin test is a tonic model of continuous pain resulting from formalin-induced tissue injury. It is a useful model, particularly for the screening of novel compounds, since it encompasses inflammatory, neurogenic, and central mechanisms of nociception [5,6]. Reports can vary widely with regard to concentration of formalin (itself a 37% dilute solution of formaldehyde) as wel...

Food-deprived rats were divided into four groups according to the equal interval and time durations of a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-time schedule (15, 30, 60, and 120 s). Fixed-time components were signaled by a tone and lever withdrawal. d-Amphetamine (0.25-4.0 mg/kg) produced similar dose-dependent reductions in the drinking and licking induced by fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules. ...

The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo potential of ethanolic extracts of Glycine max (L.) Merr. (SoRiTae) and Rhynchosia nulubilis (Yak-Kong) seeds as natural anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents. To assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential, the ethanolic extracts of SoRiTae and Yak-Kong seeds were tested in arachidonic acid-induced ear edema, carrageenan i...

The effects of intracerebroventricular application of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) on licking microstructure for sucrose, saccharin, and water solutions were evaluated. In Experiment 1, NPY increased meal size for three sucrose concentrations (0.03 M, 0.3 M, and 1.0 M) by increasing licking burst number but not size and by extending meals more than four-fold in duration with a slow, sustained rate of i...

Motor planning allows us to conceive, plan, and initiate skilled motor behaviors. Motor planning involves activity distributed widely across the cortex. How this activity dynamically comes together to guide movement remains an unsolved problem. We study motor planning in mice performing a tactile decision behavior. Head-fixed mice discriminate object locations with their whiskers and report the...