The life cycle of Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar), was described for laboratory conditions with maximum daily temperature of 27-30 degree C, minimum daily temperatures of 22-27 degree C and relative humidity between 87-99%. Life cycle in each stage was as follows: egg 6-12 days (ave, 8.5 days); first stage larva 5-13 days (ave. 9.6 days); second stage larva 4-13 days (ave. 9.2 days); third stage larv...

In recent decades, we have come to understand in great detail the mechanisms that allow plants and herbivorous arthropods withstand each other. Research into these interactions often focuses on specific life stages of animals, for pragmatic reasons. Yet it is well known lifecycles herbivores are accompanied by niche shifts can change their interactions. The occurrence changes defensive regulato...

The ontogeny of Criconema octangulare (Cobb, 1914) Taylor, 1936, is examined and shows ovary development and body length to be of primary importance in differentiating its life-cycle stages. Second-stage juveniles can be identified by body length and ovary length. The third stage can be distinguished from the second by longer body and ovary length, and from the fourth by a shorter ovary. The fo...

A comparison of the influence style ethics in Thailand and the U.S. for managers in two life stage (age) groups, early adulthood and middle adulthood is presented. Our findings confirm that Eastern and Western cultures emphasize different influence styles. Our findings also indicate that life stage is as important as culture, and possibly more important than culture, in explaining the ethical p...