Two mechanisms important for the interpretation of radar observations of the atmosphere, are: coherent scattering from refractive index fluctuations of the clear-air and incoherent scattering from particles. These scattering mechanisms have very different wavelength dependencies and their contributions to the radar return can be separated by using two radars with different wavelengths. A differ...

Molecular dynamics simulations of water in cylindrical hydrophilic pores with diameters of 1.5 and 3 nm were performed to explore the phase behavior and the nucleation dynamics of the confined fluid as a function of the percentage of volume filled f. The interactions of water with the pore wall were considered to be identical to the interactions between water molecules. At low water contents, a...

The improvement in cloud-liquid estimates by a microwave radiometer with the addition of measurements at 85 GHz is quantified. Atmospheric emission is simulated from radiosonde data at frequencies commonly used by ground-based water-vapor radiometers (22.235 and 31.65 GHz) and also at 85.5 GHz. Retrieval algorithms are developed from opacities based on full Mie extinction by cloud droplets and ...

Semivolatile organic and inorganic aerosol species partition between the gas and aerosol particle phases to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. Liquid-liquid phase separation into an organic-rich and an aqueous electrolyte phase can occur in the aerosol as a result of the saltingout effect. Such liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) affect the gas/particle partitioning of the different semivolatile co...

Medical polyurethanes have shown good bio-stability and mechanical properties and have been used as coating for implantable medical devices. However, despite their excellent properties, they are relatively permeable to liquid water and water vapour which is a drawback for electronic implant encapsulation. In this study polyether polyurethanes with different soft segment molecular weights were m...

Water management is crucial to the performance of PEM fuel cells. Water is generated as part of the electrochemical reaction, and is removed through the reactant channels. This results in two-phase flow in the reactant channels. Increased understanding of the behavior of the liquid water in the channels allows us to devise better strategies for managing the water content inside the fuel cell. M...

[1] An instrument for on-line continuous measurement of the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) component of aerosol particles is described and results from an urban site in St. Louis are presented. A Particle-into-Liquid Sampler impacts ambient particles, grown to large water droplets, onto a plate and then washes them into a flow of purified water. The resulting liquid is filtered and the car...

Ionic liquids have shown promise as replacements for water in ionic polymer transducers. Ionic liquids are non-volatile and have a larger electrochemical stability window than water. Therefore, transducers employing ionic liquids can be operated for long periods of time in air and can be actuated with higher voltages. Furthermore, transducers based on ionic liquids do not exhibit the characteri...

In this paper we show that to improve existing radiometric methods to estimate path-integrated cloud liquid water, the physical approximations commonly used concerning the direct model have to be reconsidered. In fact, even if the problem that consists in deducing the brightness temperatures from atmospheric quantities is rigorously solved (for a nonscattering atmosphere) by means of the radiat...