Transit times of longitudinal pulses that travel near reinforcing steel bars are usually smaller than in plain concrete. Chung first, and then Bungey, demonstrated the importance of including bar diameters in the correction factors when pulses propagating parallel and near to the bars can not be avoided. Besides the influence of geometric dispersion and mode conversion on pulse propagation, the...

BACKGROUND Social exclusion of the elderly is a key policy focus but evidence on the processes linking health and social exclusion is hampered by the variety of ways that health is used in social exclusion research. We investigated longitudinal associations between health and social exclusion using an analytical framework that did not conflate them. METHODS Data employed in this study came fr...

BACKGROUND Longitudinal research is needed to identify predictors of continued electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among youth. We expected that certain reasons for first trying e-cigarettes would predict continued use over time (eg, good flavors, friends use), whereas other reasons would not predict continued use (eg, curiosity). METHODS Longitudinal surveys from middle and high school st...

The relativistic motion of an electron is calculated in the combined fields of a transverse helical wiggler field (axial wavelength = X0 27/k 0) and constant-amplitude, circularly polarized primary electromagnetic wave (6B , ,k) propagating in the z-direction. For particle velocity near the beat wave phase velocity w/(k + k0) of the primary wave, it is shown that the presence of a second, moder...

Otoacoustic emissions, sounds generated by the inner ear, are widely used for diagnosing hearing disorders and studying cochlear mechanics. However, it remains unclear how emissions travel from their generation sites to the cochlear base. The prevailing view is that emissions reach the cochlear base via a backward-traveling wave, a slow-propagating transverse wave, along the cochlear partition....

OBJECTIVES To investigate the sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with incidence, persistence or remission of obesity in a longitudinal sample of Australian children aged 4-10 years. SETTING Nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). PARTICIPANTS The sample for this analysis included all children in the Kinder cohort (aged 4-5 years at wave 1...

Population ageing is rapidly becoming a global issue and will have a major impact on health policies and programmes. The World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) aims to address the gap in reliable data and scientific knowledge on ageing and health in low- and middle-income countries. SAGE is a longitudinal study with nationally representative samples of person...

1.1 Shear mode bulk acoustic wave devices and sensors Acoustic microsensor technique, well known as QCM (Quartz crystal microbalance) or TSM (Thickness shear mode) sensor, is an effective method to detect small mass loading on the sensor surface. This sensor can be operated even in liquid by using shear mode resonance. Therefore, shear mode piezoelectric film resonators are attractive for liqui...