reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (rads) is a type of non-immunologically mediated asthma-like disease. it usually occurs after a massive exposure to an irritating substance in the atmosphere in the form of smoke, fumes, gases, and vapor. unlike bronchial asthma, there is no latency to the symptoms seen in rads. a number of agents are known to cause rads, but tile dust, as an etiological age...

In the classical model of tile self-assembly, unit square tiles translate in the plane and attach edgewise to form large crystalline structures. This model of self-assembly has been shown to be capable of asymptotically optimal assembly of arbitrary shapes and, via information-theoretic arguments, increasingly complex shapes necessarily require increasing numbers of distinct types of tiles. We ...

For robust molecular implementation of tile-based algorithmic self-assembly, methods for reducing errors must be developed. Previous studies suggested that by control of physical conditions, such as temperature and the concentration of tiles, errors (ε) can be reduced to an arbitrarily low rate – but at the cost of reduced speed (r) for the self-assembly process. For tile sets directly implemen...

Purpose This study was conducted to study the epidemiology, classification, treatment and outcome of a large patient group with pelvic ring injury in a level 1 trauma center in the Netherlands. Materials and Methods In the period of 2004 to 2014, we encountered 537 patients with a pelvic fracture. Many of them are due to a high energy trauma and therefore many concomitant injuries are observe...

Seed germination patterns were studied in E. purpurea (L.) Moench grouped by seed source, one group of seven lots from commercially cultivated populations and a second group of nine lots regenerated from ex situ conserved wild populations. Germination tests were conducted in a growth chamber in light (40 μmol·m(-2)·s(-1)) or darkness at 25 °C for 20 days after soaking the seeds in water for 10 ...

In this survey paper, I describe three applications of tilings to music theory: the representation of tuning systems and chord relationships by lattices, modeling voice leading by tilings of n-dimensional space, and the classification of rhythmic tiling canons, which are essentially one-dimensional tilings.

Let T be a tile made up of finitely many rectangles whose corners have rational coordinates and whose sides are parallel to the coordinate axes. This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a square to be tilable by finitely many Qweighted tiles with the same shape as T , and necessary and sufficient conditions for a square to be tilable by finitely many Z-weighted tiles with the sa...

Wang tiles are square tiles with colored edges. We construct an aperiodic set of Wang tiles that is strongly deterministic in the sense that any two adjacent edges of a tile determine the tile uniquely. Consequently, the tiling group of this set is not hyperbolic and it acts discretely and co-compactly on a CAT(0) space.

Aperiodic tilings with a small number of prototiles are of particular interest, both theoretically and for applications in crystallography. In this direction, many people have tried to construct aperiodic tilings that are built from a single prototile with nearest neighbour matching rules, which is then called a monotile. One strand of the search for a planar monotile has focussed on hexagonal ...

The aim of this paper is to collect definitions and results on the main classes of 2D languages introduced with the attempt of generalizing regular and context-free string languages and in same time preserving some of their nice properties. Almost all the models here described are based on tiles. So we also summarize some results on Wang tiles and its applications.