470 sleep EEGs from 366 healthy participants in a light-controlled sleep laboratory (see Experimental Procedures in Supplemental Information, published with this article online). Lunar classes were defined as previously [2], with lunar class 1 representing full moon ± 4 nights, lunar class 2 covering the waxing and waning moon periods (full moon ± 5–9 nights) and lunar class 3 representing new ...

Introduction: The discovery of spinel rich rock on the Earth’s Moon, detected by the M near-IR mapping spectrometer on the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft [1] is among the most intriguing discoveries in a time filled with lunar revelations (e.g., [2]). The M spectrometer discerned several areas on the rim of the far-side Moscoviense basin which had near-IR reflectance spectra characteristic of abundan...

The lack of contraction features on the Moon has been used to argue that the Moon underwent limited secular cooling, and thus had a relatively cool initial state. A cool early state in turn limits the depth of the lunar magma ocean. Recent GRAIL gravity measurements, however, suggest that dikes were emplaced in the lower crust, requiring global lunar expansion. Starting from the magma ocean sta...

[1] We use Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) measurements of lunar exospheric pickup ions in the terrestrial magnetotail lobes combined with a particle-tracing model to constrain the source species and distributions of the lunar neutral exosphere. These pickup ions, generated by photoionization of neutral species while th...

[1] Impact basin formation is a fundamental process in the evolution of the Moon and records the history of impactors in the early solar system. In order to assess the stratigraphy, sequence, and ages of impact basins and the impactor population as a function of time, we have used topography from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) to measure the s...

The first meteorite to be found 1 that was eventually (1984) recognized to have originated from the Moon is Yamato 791197 [1]. The find date, November 20, 1979, was four days after the end of the first Conference on the Lunar Highland Crust [2]. Since then, >75 other lunar meteorites have been found, and these meteorites provide information about the lunar highlands that was not known from stud...

In this paper, dynamic simulation and analysis for designing the soft landing of a lunar lander is focused. The primary objective of the lunar lander is to land safely on the surface of moon, without causing the lunar lander to topple and must attenuate the landing loads to preclude damage to the lander structure. The dynamic structural model of lunar lander is modelled and simulation described...

Introduction: It has long been recognized that lunar mantle is chemically, isotopically, and lithologically heterogeneous. The heterogeneities are ancient and were formed during large-scale differentiation events, such as the solidification of a globally distributed lunar magma ocean (LMO) and subsequent lunar cumulate mantle overturn [1-3]. Mixing of distinct early and late LMO cumulates resul...

The NASA Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) produced a transportation architecture for returning humans to the moon affordably and safely while using commercial services for tasks such as cargo delivery to low earth orbit (LEO). Another potential utilization of commercial services is the delivery of cryogenic propellants to LEO for use in lunar exploration activities. With in-space p...

We have conducted an initial set of tests to examine how astronauts in the International Space Station (ISS) can remotely operate a planetary rover. These tests, called “Surface Telerobotics”, were designed to simulate a possible future lunar exploration mission, in which astronauts inside the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) use a surface robot to remotely explore the lunar far side fro...