Although it is challenging to implement follower forces in macroscale laboratory experiments, they can be implemented fairly easily in MEMS devices. This paper discusses the implementation of follower and axial end forces in a beam-type MEMS resonator for the application of resonant frequency tuning. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stem cells respond to nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale cues, such as matrix, growth factors, and niche organization, which are difficult to physiologically recapitulate in culture. We discuss how utilizing bioengineering approaches to manipulate and integrate spatiotemporal cues across these discrete length scales can improve traditional methods for controlling cell fate.

Electron transfer behavior of 1,2-diphenyl-o-carborane was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the presence of 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane, a significant catalytic current was observed. The macroscale electrocatalytic reduction of the dibromide using a catalytic amount (1 mol%) of the carborane mediator afforded the desired trans-stilbene in excellent yield.

The microbond test has been widely adopted by researchers seeking to characterise the fibre-matrix interface in polymer composites. This requires preparation of droplets with a mass as little 20 ng. brings it possibility scaling issues causing unanticipated significant differences properties and performance these comparison macroscale samples. paper reviews number potential range systems which ...

In recent years, there has been interest in employing atomistic computations to inform macroscale thermal transport analyses. In heat conduction simulations in semiconductors and dielectrics, for example, classical molecular dynamics (MD) is used to compute phonon relaxation times, from which material thermal conductivity may be inferred and used at the macroscale. A drawback of this method is ...

Recent advances in high-resolution measurements means it is now possible to identify and track the local "fabric" or contact topology of individual grains in a deforming sand throughout loading history. These provide compelling impetus to the development of methods for inferring changes in the contact forces and energies at multiple spatiotemporal scales, using information on grain contacts alo...

The internal (or residual) stress is among the key notions to describe the state of the systems far from equilibrium. Such stress is invisible on the macroscopic scale where the system is regarded as a black-box. Yet nonequilibrium macroscopic operations allow to create and observe the internal stress. We present in this lecture some examples of the internal stress and its operations. We descri...

Microscopic particle-image velocimetry (microPIV) measurements are made in the streamwise–wallnormal plane of a 536 lm capillary at Re = 4,500 to study the statistical and structural features of wall turbulence at the microscale. Single-point velocity statistics, including the mean velocity profile, the root-mean-square streamwise and wall-normal velocities, and the Reynolds shear stress profil...

The understanding of the basic physical relationships between nano-scale structural variables and the macroscale properties of polymer nanocomposites remains in its infancy. The primary objective of this article is to ascertain the state of the art regarding the understanding and prediction of the macroscale properties of polymers reinforced with nanometer-sized solid inclusions over a wide tem...