Diabetic macular edema is the major cause of visual acuity impairment in diabetic patients. The exact etiopathogenesis is unknown and, currently, grid/focal retinal laser photocoagulation represents the recommended treatment. It has been demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema by mediating vascular permeability a...

uncontrolled hypertension is well- known to give rise to systemic complications involving multiple central organs. artherosclerosis leads to damage of the retinal vessels wall, contributing to venous stasis, thrombosis and finally, occlusion. retinal vein occlusions compromise vision through development of ischaemic maculopathy, macular oedema, and rubeotic glaucoma. laser photocoagulation rema...

Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs) rarely complicate toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and are managed by observation; antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory medication; laser photocoagulation; surgical excision; or photodynamic therapy, with variable outcomes. As occurs with CNVMs secondary to age-related macular degeneration, Toxoplasma gondii increases expression of hypoxia-inducible factor–1 in ti...

BACKGROUND We report 3 patients with laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHOD Retrospective, observational case series. Medical charts and photographs were reviewed. RESULTS Two patients with central serous chorioretinopathy who developed iatrogenic CNV after focal laser photocoagulation were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injections. One patient with CNV secondary to...

CONTEXT Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in the working-aged population in the United States. There are many new interventions for DR, but evidence to support their use is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To review the best evidence for primary and secondary intervention in the management of DR, including diabetic macular edema. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Systematic review of all E...

TOPIC To assess the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to improve visual acuity (VA) and prevent or treat neovascularization secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Central retinal vein occlusion is a common cause of visual morbidity and blindness. Many different interventions have been advocated, but the evidence justifying their use remains unclea...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema, treated with focal/grid photocoagulation, in which there is a reduction in central subfield thickness (CST) measured with optical coherence tomography after 16 weeks, will continue to improve if retreatment is deferred. METHODS This is a prospective, multicenter, observational, single-...

INTRODUCTION Familial amyloid polyneuropathy is a group of autosomal dominant disorders characterized by extracellular amyloid deposition in several target organs. This paper aims to report an unusual manifestation of retinal vascular leakage including optic disc and macular edema in a patient with familial amyloid polyneuropathy. CASE PRESENTATION A 37-year-old Portuguese Caucasian man with ...

BACKGROUND To quantify the effect of a combination treatment of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection, panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), and macular photocoagulation (MPC) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a meta-analysis and searched for reports concerning IVTA injection com...