In the present study, the effect of concluding and executing monetary treaties as well as membership of regional economic cooperation organizations (as a potential for using regional currency) on mutual exports between Iran and its 50 major trading partners during the period of 2000 to 2016 is investigated. The Generalized Commercial Gravity Model and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression of p...

The literature has so far focused on the risk-return tradeoff in equity markets and ignored alternative risky assets. This paper examines the presence and significance of an intertemporal relation between expected return and risk in the foreign exchange market. The paper provides new evidence on the intertemporal capital asset pricing model by using high-frequency intraday data on currency and ...

We develop models of stochastic discount factors in international economies that produce stochastic risk premiums and stochastic skewness in currency options. We estimate the models using time-series returns and option prices on three currency pairs that form a triangular relation. Estimation shows that the average risk premium in Japan is larger than that in the US or the UK, the global risk p...

We explicitly consider strategic interaction between governments to study currency competition and its effects on the circulation of currencies and welfare in a two-country twocurrency search theoretic model. Each government finances public goods by means of seigniorage. Compared with a regime with two local currencies, a regime with one international currency allows the issuer of the internati...

The present research was conducted to study the impact of macro-economic variables on index value currency. main objective this investigate some major factors having their contribution towards influencing exchange rate Pakistan. For purpose, time series monthly data five variables, i.e. Inflation rate, KIBOR, Forex Reserves, Exports and Imports Pakistan collected for period 2001-2015. Correlati...

this article studies sir walter scott’s use of the family-as-nation trope in ivanhoe and anne of geierstein. the importance of this trope in his figuration of nationhood is discerned by carrying out a close reading of the texts and placing them in their historical context, which primarily consists of a comparison with edmund burke and maria edgeworth. consequently, his position is revealed as b...

this paper surveys the persian monetary crises due to economic sanctions and speculative attacks that leads to high inflation. economic sanctions are associated with various forms of trade barriers and restriction on financial transactions. among the most influential sanctions on iran's oil export and central bank sanctions are noted that their aims to reduce iran's oil revenues and devaluation...

BACKGROUND Transmission of human pathogens can be occurred via inert objects. Paper currency is a further common contact surface whereby pathogens can be transferred within a population although the significance remains unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate microbial populations associated with Iranian paper currency. METHODS This study was carried out by getting 108...

Re-denomination was not only a zero dropping and new coin minting operation but also a significant milestone in Turkey. Before the currency reform, multiple zeros had posed several difficulties in expressing monetary values, transactions, bookkeeping and statistical records, data processing software, payment systems, price labels etc. So, removing six zeros from national currency became a ...