Venus’ atmosphere has a rich chemistry involving interactions among sulfur, chlorine, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen radicals. The chemical regimes in the atmosphere range from ion-neutral reactions in the ionosphere to photochemistry in the middle atmosphere to thermal equilibrium chemistry and surface-atmosphere reactions in the lower atmosphere. This variety makes Venus an important planet t...

Abstract Titan’s atmosphere is a natural laboratory for exploring the photochemical synthesis of organic molecules. Significant recent advances in study Titan include: (a) detection C 3 molecules: H 6 , CH 2 CCH c-C and (b) retrieval which formed primarily via chemistry, from Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph data. The c -C particular significance as ring molecules are great astrobiologi...

This paper considers the chemistry in a protoplanetary accretion disk during the viscous stage. The model calculation extends our previous work by including in the chemical reaction network the ionisation processes due to cosmic rays and especially the ionisation due to the extinct radio-nuclides 26Al and 60Fe which are known to have been present at the time of formation of our own solar system...

ion channels are naturally occurring pores through the proteins that regulate the passage of ions and thus maintain the concentration of ions inside and outside the cell. the ion channels control many physiological functions and they can show selectivity for a specific ion. ion channels are mostly observed in nerve cells and muscle cells. the influx of ions into cells can be regulated by a gate...

Titan has long been known to harbour the richest atmospheric chemistry in the Solar System. Until recently, it had been believed that complex hydrocarbons and nitriles were produced through neutral chemistry that would eventually lead to the formation of micrometre sized organic aerosols. However, recent measurements by the Cassini spacecraft are drastically changing our understanding of Titan'...

An economic comparison of reverse osmosis and ion exchange in Europe. In: Greig JA (ed.) Ion Exchange Development and Applications, pp. 58}66. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. Nolan J and Irving J (1984) The effect on the capacity of strong base anion exchange resins of the ratio of chloride to sulphate in the feed water. In: Naden D and Streat M (eds) Ion Exchange Technology, pp. 160}168...