Abstract The Letter to the Philippians is sole surviving work of early Christian bishop and martyr, Polycarp Smyrna. Ever since 17th century scholars have contested authenticity unity letter without reaching a settlement. However, new linguistic evidence allows for reassessment controversy. future participle πρεσβεύσοντα at Pol. Phil . XIII .1 one mere four occurrences FP s in entire corpus Apo...

Neither the epistles of Paul (authentic or disputed) nor Acts Apostles address death apostle, but this is a focus in later apocryphal acts. This article examines importance image as martyr for development early Christianity North Africa. Evidence from Tertullian, texts describing Cyprian Carthage, and writings Augustine, demonstrates that was model African church. Paul’s status such became majo...

In a reading of Gryphius’ Catharina von Georgien within its political and confessional context Silesia at the end Thirty Years’ War, this article analyzes transformation Christian martyr cult early modern German tragedy. It argues that Gryphius used hagiographic type royal as moral example figure governmental order. He depicted pious Georgian Queen her devout officials an inspiring community ci...

Abstract This article is dedicated to the Iraqi novel al-Mašṭūr : Sitt ṭarāʾiq ġayr šarʿiyya li-iǧtiyāz al-ḥudūd naḥwa Baġdād (2017) by Ḍiyāʾ Ǧbaylī. Through an illegal journey of two characters in Iraq, this book presents a new literary approach sectarian conflict that tears apart country. Intertextuality with Italian The Cloven Viscount (1952), Italo Calvino, works as connecting thread story....

ghassan kanafani was the author, critic, poet, martyr and playwriter who studies human being issues by his stories. he condemns whatever causes palestine’s tragedy in his “men in the sun” novel. there is no waste and extra word or sentence in this novel and the author does not recourse slogan and his position is clear among his novel. in this novel the men can understand cruelty under the gover...