An experience-grounded semantics is introduced for an intelligent reasoning system, which is adaptive, and works with insufficient knowledge and resources. According to this semantics, truth and meaning are defined with respect to the experience of the system — the truth value of a statement indicates the amount of available evidence, and the meaning of a term indicates its experienced relation...

Grounded theory was originally expounded by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in their 1967 book The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967). Reacting against what they saw as the dominance of hypothetico-deductive, theory-testing approaches, Glaser and Strauss proposed grounded theory as a way of building theory systematically using data obtained from social research. Since its f...

Assessment of Antarctic rebound is complicated by two issues: (1) The total ice volume at Last Glacial Maximum is contentious, with estimates ranging from just a few meters to several tens of meters of equivalent eustatic sea level rise. (2) The late Holocene mass budget is also uncertain. Space-based geodesy may provide important data in the coming years for estimating the recent ice mass bala...

The Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise has long been uncertain. While regional variability in ice dynamics has been revealed, a picture of mass changes throughout the continental ice sheet is lacking. Here, we use satellite radar altimetry to measure the elevation change of 72% of the grounded ice sheet during the period 1992-2003. Depending on the density of the snow giving rise to the o...