Pathway-specific gene delivery is requisite for understanding complex neuronal systems in which neurons that project to different target regions are locally intermingled. However, conventional genetic tools cannot achieve simultaneous, independent gene delivery into multiple target cells with high efficiency and low cross-reactivity. In this study, we systematically screened all receptor-envelo...

Collectively migrating cells maintain group polarity and interpret external cues to reach their destination. The cardiogenic progenitors (also known as trunk ventral cells, TVCs) of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis provide a simple chordate model with which to study collective migration. Bilateral pairs of associated TVCs undergo a stereotyped polarized migration away from the tail towards the v...

The burrata cheese is a traditional product from Southern Italy, consisting of an envelope of pasta filata (stretched curd) filled with cream and pasta filata strips (usually leftovers from mozzarella production). Physical [water activity (aw), pH], chemical (moisture, NaCl content) and microbiological [total viable count (TVC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, ...

Meat spoilage during low temperature can be considered as an ecological phenomenon, which encompasses the changes of the available substrata, during the prevailing of a particular microbial association of specific spoilage organisms. In fact, spoilage of meat (Chicken, Mutton and Beef) depends on a temperature and duration of storage time. These specific spoilage organisms are the consequence o...

In this study we report a physical analysis of the membrane mechanics affecting the size of the highly curved region of a lipid nanotube (LNT) that is either connected between a lipid bilayer vesicle and the tip of a glass microinjection pipette (tube-only) or between a lipid bilayer vesicle and a vesicle that is attached to the tip of a glass microinjection pipette (two-vesicle). For the tube-...

Mastitis is characterized by increased sodium and decreased potassium in milk, and the effect of this on bacterial growth was examined. Colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli were grown in tryptone broth containing 0−75 mM Na or 0−40 mM K. For S. aureus, the total viable count (TVC) growth rate decreased as Na increased from the normal level to that typica...

MED 1107 Community Week The community week offers students an opportunity to experience a typical community medical practice early in the medical education. Upon completion of the community week, the student will: understand the multifaceted role of the rural physician; appreciate and understand the role of all members of the health care team in the delivery of community health care; have an op...