An electroneutral Na-HCO(3)(-) cotransporter (NBC(N)1) was recently cloned, and Northern blot analyses indicated its expression in rat kidney. In this study, we determined the cellular and subcellular localization of NBC(N)1 in the rat kidney at the light and electron microscopic level. A peptide-derived antibody was raised against the COOH-terminal amino acids of NBC(N)1. The affinity-purified...

The medulla of the kidney is much more susceptible to infection than the cortex (1-5). The unique vulnerability of the renal medulla has been ascribed in the past to its anatomical location (6), to its relatively poor circulation (7), and to its chemical composition, in particular to its content of ammonia and ammonia-producing enzymes that inhibit the action of complement (8). The present expe...

Intrathymic T-cell development is critically dependent on cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Both epithelial subsets originate during early thymus organogenesis from progenitor cells that express the thymoproteasome subunit β5t, a typical feature of cortical TECs. Using in vivo lineage fate mapping, we demonstrate in mice that β5t(+) TEC progenitors give rise to the medullar...

This review summarizes basic and clinical research on intracerebral adrenal medulla grafts, emphasizing potential applications to Parkinson's disease. Properties of intraventricular and intraparenchymal grafts are described, and cell survival and functional effects are compared. It is clear that adrenal medulla allografts survive poorly in the parenchyma of the corpus striatum and better in the...

Recent studies have shown that the heme oxygenase (HO) product, carbon monoxide (CO), induces vasodilation and that inhibition of HO produces a sustained hypertension in rats. Given the importance of renal medullary blood flow (MBF) in the long-term control of arterial blood pressure, we hypothesized that the HO/CO system may play an important role in maintaining the constancy of blood flow to ...

In the adrenal gland, there is a mutual interaction between cells in cortex and medulla of immune system. Sex hormones regulate cell functions as well reproductive metabolic processes throughout life. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) cytokine that regulates maturation differentiation many types. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) multifunctional plays an important role various physiological pathophysi...

There is a relative lack of information on the course of corticohypoglossal projections in the human brain stem, 2 especially in the medulla. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 11 patients with ischaemic lesions at different brain stem levels, Urban et al showed that pontine lesions at the ventral paramedian base close to the midline affected the con...