This paper develops a classical-Marxian macroeconomic model to examine the growth and distributional consequences of education. First, the role of education in skill formation is considered and it is shown that an expansion in education will promote growth and have beneficial distributional effects within the working class, but it will redistribute income from workers to capitalists. Second, th...

This paper develops an endogenous growth model with dualism in human capital accumulation of two types of individuals. The government imposes a proportional redistributive tax on the resources of the rich individual to finance the educational subsidy given to the poor individuals. We find out the properties of optimal tax cum educational subsidy policy using Stackelberg differential game framew...

We study the implications of the creative destruction lifecycle of innovation for asset prices. We develop a general equilibrium model of endogenous firm creation and destruction where “incremental” innovations by incumbents and “radical” innovations by entrants drive the volatility of growth prospects of the economy. Higher entry—bigger threat of displacement of incumbents by entrants—implies ...

This paper combines horizontal and vertical innovations to build an endogenous growth model that allows for structural change. Older technologies are continuously replaced by newer ones due to creative destruction and new technologies appear as a result of horizontal innovations and as a result of consumers’ preferences for variety. We assume fixed operational costs for the manufacturing sector...

Research and development (R&D) is a key determinant of long run productivity and welfare. A central issue is whether a decentralized economy undertakes too little or too much R&D. We develop an endogenous growth model that incorporates parametrically four important distortions to R&D: the surplus appropriability problem, knowledge spillovers, creative destruction, and congestion externalities. ...

We consider a growth model proposed by Matsuyama [K. Matsuyama, Growing through cycles, Econometrica 67 (2) (1999) 335–347] in which two sources of economic growth are present: the mechanism of capital accumulation (Solow regime) and the process of technical change and innovations (Romer regime). We will shown that no stable cycle can exist, except for a fixed point and a cycle of period two. T...

BACKGROUND The HIV-1 spread in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has not been previously characterised using the phylogenetic approach. The aim of the current study was to investigate the genetic diversity and domestic transmission of HIV-1 in the MENA. METHODS A total of 2036 HIV-1 sequences available in Genbank and collected in the MENA during 1988-2016 were used together with 715 HIV...

T he main objective of this study is to estimate the spatial spillover effects of the economic growth among the selected countries of MENA region. For this purpose, the Spatial Durbin Model in the framework of spatial dynamic panel data was estimated during the period of 1970-2010. The spatial Diagnostic tests affirmed the occurrence of spatial positive autocorrelation phenomenon for...

The expansion of transportation and high-speed communication networks throughout the world has increased the export opportunities of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) producers. It has also increased competition for the region's producers by helping companies in other countries and regions export to world markets as well. Countries in the MENA region occupy a place midway up the ladder of com...

BACKGROUND It is perceived that little is known about the epidemiology of HIV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The primary objective of this study was to assess the status of the HIV epidemic among PWID in MENA by describing HIV prevalence and incidence. Secondary objectives were to describe the risk behavior environment and the HIV epid...