Artifacts of cold-hammered native gold have been discovered in a secure and undisturbed Terminal Archaic burial context at Jiskairumoko, a multicomponent Late Archaic-Early Formative period site in the southwestern Lake Titicaca basin, Peru. The burial dates to 3776 to 3690 carbon-14 years before the present (2155 to 1936 calendar years B.C.), making this the earliest worked gold recovered to d...

Abstract This research covers the development of novel metalworking fluids for machining aluminium alloys which are based on renewable raw materials and do not contain mineral oil conventional biocides. Glycerol/water propanediol/water solutions were used as base fluids. The formulations systematically optimized by addition performance enhancing additives. Thereby, optimization steps guided thr...

The milling of titanium alloys is usually associated with a high cutting temperature and severe tool wear. Therefore, flood cooling technologies have been conventionally employed to prolong the life improve quality machined surface. However, negative impact on environment waste disposal problems caused by vast quantity metalworking fluids used in process become significant. In this study, new m...

In many machining operations, metalworking fluids (MWFs) play an invaluable role. Often, proper application of intelligent MWF strategy allows manufacturing processes to benefit from a multitude operational incentives, not least which are increased tool life, improved surface integrity and optimised chip handling. Despite these clearly positive implications, current strategies often unable acco...

BACKGROUND Since the mid-1990s, outbreaks of asthma and extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) have been identified in workers exposed to metalworking fluids (MWFs). The cause of these outbreaks remains to be determined. AIMS To identify and review all previously published occupational lung disease case definitions and diagnostic criteria that have been utilized during MWF outbreak investigation...