A common problem for linguists, philosophers and psychologists is that linguistically specified (‘literal’) word meanings are often modified in use. The literal meaning may be narrowed (e.g. drink used to mean ‘alcoholic drink’), approximated (e.g. square used to mean ‘squarish’) or undergo metaphorical extension (e.g. rose or diamond applied to a person). Typically, narrowing, approximation an...

Metaphorical thinking is one way of in building abstract concepts through concrete things. Abstract ideas metaphorical are metaphorized into real-world This study aims to describe the profile junior high school students solving algebraic problems. The problem-solving steps used Polya model and stages using CREATE criteria by Siler. research qualitative a descriptive approach. involved seventh-g...

In gesturing metaphorically, people use physical space to represent abstract ideas that have no spatial instantiation in the world (e.g., gesturing upward to indicate high intelligence). This volume illustrates the range of metaphorical gestures that people produce, yet researchers have only just begun to explore the psychological significance of these gestures. What functions might they serve ...

It is generally accepted that much of everyday language shows evidence of metaphor. We assume a common sense knowledge of the real world in the understanding of metaphorical utterances. We do not address the issue of when an utterance is to be considered metaphorical. Instead, we provide an explanation of how a mtephorical utterance can be processed. Consider the following example: (1) “In the ...

We consider the varieties and directions of influence that the source and target domains involved in a conceptual metaphor can have on each other during the course of understanding metaphorical utterances based on the metaphor. Previous studies have been restricted both as to direction of influence and as to type of influence. They have been largely confined to the “forward” (source to target) ...

By applying methods of cognitive metaphor theory, Jaworska examines metaphorical scenarios employed in the discourse of anti-Slavism, which featured prominently in radical nationalist propaganda in Germany at the turn of the twentieth century. She does so by analysing metaphorical expressions used to refer to the Polish population living in the eastern provinces of Prussia, in the so-called Ost...

The main aim of this report is to provide a measure of objective evaluation of ATT-Meta, a system we have implemented for conducting some of the reasoning needed in the understanding of metaphorical utterances. The report thereby also provides some evaluation of the overall theoretical approach informing ATT-Meta (Barnden & Lee, 2001). The evaluation of ATT-Meta consists of showing, at least in...

The processing of literal, novel metaphorical and semantically anomalous expressions in native Dutch speakers and German Dutch learners was examined using event-related potentials. The N400 component was determined for expressions which were formulated in an “A is a B” form and varied in their degree of figurativeness. A three-choice task was used in which the participants had to decide whether...