There is interest in understanding which characteristics of metropolitan areas impact the length time or distance residents spend commuting. We utilize two measures recently introduced to urban literature capturing distinct dimensions employment decentralization –the level deconcentration and spatial dispersion – assess how they are related commuting patterns across areas. These urban/metropoli...

Land use change is one of the most important anthropogenic factors affecting terrestrial ecosystems, causing habitat loss, fragmentation, and interactions with other components of global change, such as biological invasions of non-native species. In southern California, population growth and economic expansion are the primary drivers of land use change, and the population is expected to double ...

w bile the United States has been investing in costly park-and-ride systems that have made transit increasingly dependent on the automobile, European and Japanese communities have been strengthening the potential for people to walk and bicycle to and from transit, boosting ridership at a far lower cost. In Japan and much of Europe, the fastest-growing and often predominant access mode to suburb...

The present study aims at investigating the vegetation in different sites of Chattogram metropolitan area following appropriate techniques. In order to enumerate distribution species, several diversity indices including Shannon-Winer Index, Pielou’s Evenness and Simpson’s Index were employed. A total 645 species belonging 414 genera under 120 families documented from studied for first time. Of ...

tehran as the biggest metropolitan of iran is located in the areas that are at high-risk of earthquake. what increases tehran's vulnerability toward earthquake is the urban physical expansion in vaious dimensions. since the analysis of the mentioned expansion is a solution to many urban problems, the effects of tehran expansion in increasing vulnerability to earthquake has been surveyed in...

This study explores spatial learning patterns. The focus of the study addresses varying perceptions of the rural fringe surrounding growing towns or metropolitan areas. Dichotomous perceptions of this edge tend to create tensions between population groups . This conflict and lack of understanding complicates the process of growth, and may unintentionally lead to the destruction or degradation o...