Modularity in biological systems exists on many levels, however it is very difficult to define or quantify. Loosely, evolutionary modularity is the compartmentalization of genotype-phenotype interactions such that pleiotropy is suppressed among genes that do not serve like functions. Evolutionary modularity is attributed to evolvability, specialization, and canalization in genetic systems. Thes...

This paper proposes and examines a model of the relationship between elements of product design and software quality in open source software (OSS) development projects. Research suggests that product design, or product architecture, affects work processes and outputs in the production of goods and services. In the case of software, we therefore hypothesize that product architecture affects char...

In this paper, the cost model of mega-satellite constellation based on modularity is investigated. The aim work to analyze contributions in development satellite constellation, which include design cost, manufacturing launch and operation cost. Simulation examples are given demonstrate savings advantage mass customized production satellites modularity.