While the detection, and prevention, of the September 11, 2001 plot would have been ideal, I argue that the more major intelligence failures occurred after the attacks of September 11. The erroneous intelligence concerning the WMD presence in Iraq permitted the Bush Administration to order the invasion of Iraq. Systematic underestimates of the budgetary costs and personnel requirements of the w...

To the Editor: The increased rate of leukemia in several Iraqi cities has been linked to exposure to depleted uranium, which was used during the consequent wars in Iraq from 1990 to 2010.[1‐4] Here, we investigated leukemia occurrence in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate (SG), which has been exposed to wars and crises at the same level as the rest of Iraq.[5] To the best of our knowledge, this study...

iran-iraq war consists of a certain events which formed in a period of eight years and within a framework of issues, subjects and various operations of this era. in 51 issues of negin iran quarterly, a collection of various articles about the history of iran-iraq war has been released and these articles have been lead to the gradual accumulation of the contents relating to the history of holy d...

“US military offi cials are expecting that Iraq will use chemical and biological weapons against US and allied forces in the event of war”, wrote our American correspondent, Michael McCarthy, on Feb 22, 2003. He reported on preparations by US forces, which seem surreal now, to protect troops in Iraq from nerve agents, anthrax, botulinum toxin, and even smallpox. Just a few weeks earlier, 500 pu...

For the last three decades torture has been highly prevalent in Iraq. Surveys indicate that close to 50% of households have family members who have been tortured. The traumas of two subsequent wars further add to the traumatisation of the population as does the persistent violence. Re-traumatisation makes healing difficult. As a result trauma-related disorders are likely to be the number one pu...

T he Oil-For-Food program was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 986 in 1995 as a means of providing humanitarian relief to Iraq, which had been under U.N. economic sanctions since the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The Oil-For-Food program was divided into six-month phases and required renewal by the Security Council at each phase. The first phase lasted from December 1996 to...

OBJECTIVE To characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in countries of the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), namely Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. METHODS We systematically reviewed and synthesized available records of HCV incidence and prevalence following PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were implemented using a DerSimonian-Laird rando...

BACKGROUND In the United States, social burdens including war casualties are often distributed unequally across groups of individuals, communities, and states. The purpose of this report was to examine the association between war deaths and per capita income in the 50 states and District of Columbia during the Vietnam and Iraq wars. METHODS The numbers of deaths by the home state of record fo...

BACKGROUND Noncommunicable diseases have become the main causes of death in several developing countries. There is a severe shortage of information about the risk factors for these diseases in Iraq. OBJECTIVE To explore the eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors of adolescents in Mosul City, Iraq, as risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. METHODS A multistage stratifi...