How much of a doctor–patient interaction is acting by one or both participants? Doctors seem to dislike the word acting as a descriptor for the part they play in a clinical consultation, preferring words like professionalism to account for their approach and behaviour with patients. Having no difficulty with the concept of patients being cast in a sick role, they demur from the notion of themse...

The functions of this system were elucidated in a series of important physiological experiments in the second half of the 19th century. Ernst and Eduard Weber in Leipzig stopped the heart by stimulating the vagus nerve whilst Claude Bernard and others reported the acceleration of the heart’s action with sympathetic stimulation. These opposing actions led Walter Gaskell [4] at Cambridge to condu...

1798 yılında Napolyon’un Mısır’ı işgali ile başlayan süreç, klasik bir askerî harekâtın çok ötesine geçmiş ve işgalden kısa süre sonra ülkenin birçok kurumunun yeniden yapılanmasına neden olduğu gibi Arap edebiyatı için de milat olmuştur. Zira Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın Avrupa’yla rekabet edebilmek adına eğitim İtalya Fransa ülkelere öğrenci gönderme seferberliği, sadece teknik alanlarla sınırlı kalma...

Efficacy of the SPEAK and ACE coding strategies was compared with that of a new strategy, MP3000TM, by 37 European implant centers including 221 subjects. The SPEAK and ACE strategies are based on selection of 8–10 spectral components with the highest levels, while MP3000 is based on the selection of only 4–6 components, with the highest levels relative to an estimate of the spread of masking. ...

Radiation damage is an important issue for the particle detectors operated in a hostile environment where radiations from various sources are expected. This is particularly important for high energy physics detectors designed for the energy and intensity frontiers. This chapter describes the radiation damage effects in scintillating crystals, including the scintillation-mechanism damage, the ra...

We review the software tools and models used in High Energy Physics to describe elementary particle interactions, with emphasis on those which would be most appropriate for application to the field of Cosmic Ray Physics. We discuss the standard Monte Carlo programs in common use and various specialised modifications, ranging from the modelling of very high energy interactions to softer processe...

We review the software tools in High Energy Physics which may also be appropriate for use in the field of Cosmic Ray Physics. We describe the status and future plans for Object-Oriented (OO) Data Storage and Access; Event and Detector simulation, including physics generators and GEANT4; and the HEP class libraries for generic tasks such as data presentation, statistical and numerical analysis, ...

In the late 1970s and early 1980s a number of philosophers, notably Churchland, Field, Stalnaker, Dennett, and Davidson, began to argue that propositional attitude predicates (such as believes that it’s sunny outside) are a species of measure predicate, analogous in important ways to numerical predicates by which we attribute physical magnitudes (such as mass, length, and temperature). Other ph...