Identification of the existence of pyrocarbonate ion C2O5(2-) in molten carbonates exposed to a CO2 atmosphere provides key support for a newly established bi-ionic transport model that explains the mechanisms of high CO2 permeation flux observed in mixed oxide-ion and carbonate-ion conducting (MOCC) membranes containing highly interconnected three dimensional ionic channels. Here we report the...

Introduction: In simple impact craters like Barringer Meteorite Crater (aka Meteor Crater), very little molten material was generated. There are no detectable melt ponds within the breccia lens or any significant melt pools on the crater walls or in the ejecta blanket. There was either an insufficient volume of melt produced by the impact event and/or it was too finely disseminated, possibly be...

Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) use molten as an electrolyte. MCFCs operate at high temperatures and have the advantage of using methane a because they can nickel-based catalysts. We analyzed performance internal manifold-type MCFC, according to operating conditions, computational fluid dynamics. Different conditions were used for external reforming-type MCFCs. Flow directions, gas utilizat...

The idea of a fuel cell was first discovered in 1839 by Christian Friedrich Schönbein [64] and William Grove [27]. Independently from each other they provided the foundation for the development of many different kinds of fuel cells. Today’s fuel cells are mostly classified by the type of electrolyte used in the cells. The most common types are polymer electrolyte fuel cells PEFC (developed by W...

Modelling Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) is very difficult and the existing models are too complicated to be used for controlling design, especially for on-line control design. This paper presents the application of neural networks identification method to develop the nonlinear temperature model of MCFC stack. The hidden layer units of the neural networks consist of a set of nonlinear radia...

A nickel catalyst to be used for internal steam reforming in a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) must be resistant to the alkali components (Li and K species) of the electrolyte; these components can reach the catalyst from the anode by either transport via the vapor phase or by means of surface creep along the walls. In a series of experiments for determining the rates of transport, it was fou...

Fuel cells offer the possibility of zero-emissions electricity generation and increased energy security. We review here the current status of solid oxide (SOFC) and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEMFC) fuel cells. Such solid electrolyte systems obviate the need to contain corrosive liquids and are thus preferred by many developers over alkali, phosphoric acid or molten carbonate fuel cells. Dra...

This work studies mathematical issues associated with steady-state modelling of diffusion-reaction-conduction processes in an electrolyte wedge (meniscus corner) of a current-producing porous electrode. The discussion is applicable to various electrodes where the rate-determining reaction occurs at the electrolyte-solid interface; molten carbonate fuel cell cathodes are used as a specific examp...

In diesem Artikel werden Ergebnisse der optimalen Steuerung eines SchmelzcarbonatBrennstoffzellensystems unter Lastwechseln präsentiert. Den umfangreichen Berechnungen liegt ein detailliertes, validiertes mathematisches Modell zugrunde, das die zeitliche und örtliche Dynamik der Gasströme, deren elektro-chemische Reaktionen und die in der Zelle herrschenden Temperaturen und elektrischen Spannun...

A Hybrid System based on High Temperature Fuel Cells coupled to a Microturbine allows a high efficiency, low environmental pollution and it may be exploited as a CHP System producing heat and electricity both Grid Connected and Stand Alone; the overall electrical efficiency could reach a very high value (up to 60%) and total efficiency could be over 70% including the contribution due to heat re...