Following the publication of Lillie's (1917) observations and theories on the endocrine basis of the development of the bovine freemartin, experiments were initiated to determine if heterosexual gonad grafts to the chorio-alantoic membrane of chicks could stimulate formation of intersexes (Willier, 1927). Hormone extracts of testes and urine were used by Dantchakoff (1935) and Kozelka & Gallagh...

The agenesis of the Müllerian duct is the second most common cause of primary amenorrhoea after Turner syndrome. The abnormal development of Müllerian duct often associates with the urinary tract and skeletal abnormalities. MURCS (Müllerian duct aplasia-renal agenesis-cervicothoracic somite dysplasia) association is a unique and rare developmental disorder with four common features of uterine h...

Congenital anomalies of the uterus may cause gynecologic, obstetric and fertility problems. Obstetrical complications are reported to occur more commonly with mullerian duct anomalies, such as postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Uterine compression sutures may be effective in controlling PPH in these conditions as an alternative to hysterectomy, especially if the patient has a desire to conceive. As t...

Cervical abnormalities may be congenital or acquired. Congenital anomalies of the cervix are rarely isolated, and more commonly accompany other uterine anomalies. Various imaging tools have been used in the assessment of Mullerian duct anomalies (MDAs). Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for definitive diagnosis and classification of the MDAs. Hysterosalpingog...

Since Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) causes regression of the Mullerian duct, the anlagen of the uterus, vagina, and fallopian tube, we expected and have previously observed that purified recombinant human MIS causes regression of gynecological tumors. However, recent exper iments indicating that neural crest derivatives might be responsive to MIS prompted study of a group of human ocular...

the main disorder are due to sex chromosomal aberration comprising 2644(82.5%), cases ranging from 1211  klinefelter followed by 1025 turner  syndrome, 345 triple x, 49 double y and 14 cases of xx male. the second group consists 116 cases of gonadal dysgenesis bearing 0.042 risk of malignant transformation for xy gonadal dysgenesis. the 3rd group is hormonal defects consisting 29 cases of conge...