Abstract We exploit testing data to gain better understanding on framing effects decision-making and performance under risk. In a randomized field experiment, we modified the of scoring rules for penalized multiple-choice tests. tests, right answers are typically framed as gains while wrong losses (Mixed-framing). Loss-framing proposed, both non-responses presented in loss domain. According our...

Taking multiple-choice practice tests with competitive incorrect alternatives can enhance performance on related but different questions appearing on a later cued-recall test (Little et al., Psychol Sci 23:1337-1344, 2012). This benefit of multiple-choice testing, which does not occur when the practice test is a cued-recall test, appears attributable to participants attempting to retrieve not o...

The present study sought to investigate the comprehension of Garden-Path structures by Iranian EFL learners. 50 female students of Kharazmi English Language Institute in Karaj participated in this study. All of the participants were native speakers of Persian studying in Kharazmi English language institute in Karaj, Iran. They ranged from 18 to 30 in terms of age. The participants were administ...