The production of renewable fuels is continuing to expand worldwide as a result of increasing petroleum prices, government regulations, and commitments to greenhouse gas reduction. There has been little integration of renewable fuels production within petroleum refineries to date, despite the rapidly increasing growth in renewable fuels demand. The segregated production of renewable fuel compon...

Since the relationship between the supply and demand of fossil fuels is on edge in the long run, the contradiction between the economic growth and limited resources will hinder the sustainable development of the Chinese society. This paper aims to analyze the input of fossil fuels in China during 2000-2010 via the material flow analysis (MFA) that takes hidden flows into account. With coal, oil...

Wildfire is one of the most significant forms of natural disturbance, impacting a wide range of ecosystems ranging from boreal forests to Mediterranean shrublands and tropical rainforest. One of the greatest uncertainties in assessing fire danger is our knowledge of fuels. Fuel properties vary at fine spatial scales, change depending on stand age and prior disturbance history and vary seasonall...

We propose a conceptual study of prototype strained hydrocarbon molecules as high energy density additives for hybrid rocket fuels to boost the performance of these rockets without compromising safety and reliability. Use of these additives could extend the range of applications for which hybrid rockets become an attractive alternative to conventional solid or liquid fuel rockets. The objective...

CO(2) emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are conventionally attributed to the country where the emissions are produced (i.e., where the fuels are burned). However, these production-based accounts represent a single point in the value chain of fossil fuels, which may have been extracted elsewhere and may be used to provide goods or services to consumers elsewhere. We present a consistent...

Biodiesel, defined as monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats (Scheme 1), is a promising alternative fuel for use in compression-ignition (diesel) engines and is being produced or used commercially in numerous countries around the world, including the United States, Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, and Sweden. It is generally known that vegetable oils wer...

Biomass derived fuels are preferred as alternative fuels for IC engine due to its abundant availability and renewable nature. In the present work, the complete replacement of diesel fuel with bio-fuels is studied, where the bio-fuels, namely, methyl ester of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus oil were chosen and used as fuel in the form of blends. Various proportions of palm kernel oil and eucalypt...

The use of liquid fuels necessitates methods to assess the quality and suitability of these fuels for their intended use. Traditionally, this is performed through a series of chemical and physical tests. However, in some operational situations, streamlined methods to reliably evaluate fuel quality would offer distinct advantages. The Naval Research Laboratory has been engaged in a research prog...

Muscle in all animals relies upon four potential sources of energy: ATP hydrolysis, phosphagen hydrolysis, fermentations or oxidative metabolism. Although the relative contributions of different fuels varies greatly in different organisms, in none is there a simple reliance on stored ATP. Muscle work therefore requires a balance between rates of utilization and formation of ATP, a provision sup...

BACKGROUND More than 3 billion of the world's population are affected by household air pollution from relying on unprocessed solid fuels for heating and cooking. Household air pollution is harmful to human health, climate, and environment. Sustained uptake and use of cleaner cooking technologies and fuels are proposed as solutions to this problem. In this paper, we present our study protocol ai...