The evolution of language implies the co-evolution of an ability to respond appropriately to signals (language understanding) and the ability to produce the appropriate signals in the appropriate circumstances (language production). When linguistic signals are produced to inform other individuals, individuals that respond appropriately to signals may increase their reproductive chances but it i...

The Phellinus mushrooms have been known for its immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, and anticancer activities. In the current work, the chemical constituents of two Phellinus mushrooms, Phellinus pini 141016# and Phellinus sp. 150802#, which were collected in Foshan city, Guangdong province, were investigated preliminarily by pre-test tube method and by comparison with the known natural compounds ...

One of the nutritional benefits of mushrooms is the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites which have been reported to exert various beneficial effects in vivo. Therefore, we selected thirteen frequently consumed species of Polish mushrooms and determined the concentration of polyphenols, flavonoids, β-carotene, and lycopene in aqueous and methanolic extracts of dried fruiting bodies as we...

It is well known from the experience after the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant that radiocesium tends to concentrate in wild mushrooms. In this study, we collected wild mushrooms from the Kawauchi Village of Fukushima Prefecture, located within 30 km of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, and evaluated their radiocesium concentrations to estimate the risk of internal r...

Mushrooms are white rot fungi regarded as one of the well known food and possessing various kinds of biopharmaceuticals compounds. Mushrooms are superior to many vegetables based on their nutritional value and it contains 40-49% of proteins. The present study involves quantification of primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, alkaloids, flavanoids, phenol, tan...

The presence of foreign bodies in mushrooms affects their marketability and may result in health risks to consumers. The inspection of fresh or dried mushrooms today is very important in view of the increased consumption of this kind of food. Ten samples of dried mushrooms collected in supermarkets were examined for evidence of entomological contamination by macro and microscopic analytical met...

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone and can be acquired by humans through cutaneous photosynthesis, diet or supplements. There are two forms of vitamin D from the above three sources: vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Vitamin D2 is naturally found in plants like sun-dried mushrooms (e.g. shiitake mushrooms), while vitamin D3 is synthesised in human skin and is present in vitamin D-rich food of anima...

Mushroom preparations are used widely in Asia as complements to conventional cancer therapies, and have been used so for many years. In the last ten years they have become more widely available in the western world. Various medications derived from different mushrooms, especially Coriolus, Shitake, Reishi and Maitake mushrooms, have been studied. Two other combination agents, active hexose corr...

A compressive description of tropical milky white mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C var. APK2) is provided in this review. This mushroom variety was first identified in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal and can be cultivated on a wide variety of substrates, at a high temperature range (30~38℃). However, no commercial cultivation was made until 1998. Krishnamoorthy 1997 rediscovered the fungus...

Exotic mushrooms have been used in ancient Chinese medicine due to their immunomodulatory properties for the treatment and/or prevention of chronic diseases. However, only limited data exist on the health benefits of white button mushrooms (WBM), the most common in the American diet. In the current study, we investigated the effects of WBM and shiitake mushrooms (SM) on collagen-induced arthrit...