This paper gives a systematic method for constructing an N-body potential, approximating the true potential, that accurately captures meso-scale behavior of the chemical or biological system using pairwise potentials coming from experimental data or ab initio methods. The meso-scale behavior is translated into logic rules for the dynamics. Each pairwise potential has an associated logic functio...

Abstract. We consider a current-biased dc SQUID in the presence of an applied time-dependent bias current or magnetic flux. The phase dynamics of such a Josephson device is equivalent to that of a quantum particle trapped in a 1−D anharmonic potential, subject to external timedependent control fields, i.e. a driven multilevel quantum system. The problem of finding the required time-dependent co...

In standard models of iterative thinking, players choose a fixed rule level from a fixed rule hierarchy. Nonequilibrium behavior emerges when players do not perform enough thinking steps. Existing approaches, however, are inherently static. This paper introduces a Bayesian level-k model, in which players perform Bayesian updating of their beliefs on opponents’ rule levels and best-respond with ...

In quantum physics, the state space of a countable chain of (n+1) -level atoms becomes, in the continuous field limit, a Fock space with multiplicity n. In a more functional analytic language, the continuous tensor product space over IR of copies of the space C is the symmetric Fock space Γs(L 2(IR;C)). In this article we focus on the probabilistic interpretations of these facts. We show that t...

The leaf nitrogen content is generally accepted as an indicator of food quality and as a factor affecting host selection by phytophagous insects. The alate pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, Aphididae) were given a choice among non-nodulated pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) supplied with one of four nitrate-N levels (0, 3, 15 and 30 mM). When whole plants were exposed to aphids for 7 days, th...